Philosophical Meditations

Eco-critical Reading of "Influx" and "Correspondences" in Swedenborg `s Spiritual World

Laiya Matin Parsa; Ali Salami

Volume 13, Issue 31 , February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.552343.2208

Abstract

Eco Critical theory inspects the existing interconnections of the natural world and the human activities. Considering diverse philosophical perceptions of different philosophers discloses ... Read More

Evaluation of Crusius's criticisms of Leibniz's theory of possible worlds

Behrouz Asadi; mohammad karami

Volume 13, Issue 31 , February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.552418.2205

Abstract

Leibniz's concern in preaching and proposing the theory of the best possible world was to defend the absolute divine attributes against evil suspicion. In his view, given the absolute ... Read More

The Relation of Art to Life in Heidegger’s Thought: Art as a Way of Salvation

Mohsen Karami; Atefeh Vakili

Volume 13, Issue 30 , August 2023, , Pages 419-447

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.546460.2162

Abstract

Abstract: The relation between art and life has always been a most important problem that philosophers have paid attention to. Martin Heidegger is one of the great philosophers for ... Read More Abstract: The relation between art and life has always been a most important problem that philosophers have paid attention to. Martin Heidegger is one of the great philosophers for whom art has a central role. So, in this study, we explored the relation between art and life in Heidegger’s thought, and by way of philosophical analysis, hermeneutics and discourse analysis, we attempted to find the relation between art and life in Heidegger’s thought. Now, Heidegger elevates art to a way of human salvation and believes that art can help us in the face of our existential problems. And, for him, of course, this salvation can only be achieved by great art so that it can fulfill its responsibilities to human life. The second objective of this study is to discover and enumerate such a relation from the heart of Heidegger's philosophy of art. The art seems to have the following duties towards human life: opening the world, making it holy, understanding how to live, creating a people, freedom, taking it out of everyday life, making ontological differences, and giving birth to a meaningful world out of a meaningless and mysterious context. The third objective we dealt with is how, in Heidegger's view, art could accomplish these tasks and, in a sense, save men. According to him, art can accomplish the tasks by thematizing, repeating, showing the other side of things, providing a passionate experience, paying attention to details, showing the simple and basic lines of the world, and distancing oneself from things. Finally, our fourth objective is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Heidegger's views on the relationship between art and life, and to show that his approach, despite its merits, has ambiguities and problems, including failure to provide a definition of art in its general sense versus great art; elitism in the art world; and the lack of a clear explanation of important concepts such as making the other aspect of beings visible, establishing the sacred, and understanding how to live. Keywords: Truth, Dwelling, World, Meaning of Life, Being, Beings, Great Art. Introduction Paying attention to the relationship between art and life has a long history, and its traces can be found in almost all theories of art from ancient times to the present day. But the exploration of this relationship has increased since the 19th century with the advent of existentialist philosophers, and many questions have been raised about how these two relate. By the diminishing of things in minds and souls that gave value and meaning to human life in the ancient world (such as religions, rituals, and even myths), and by changing the general view of men to the world and to themselves, thinkers more and more sought to find alternative ways of giving meaning to human life, and sought the connection of everything in human life in giving value and meaning to life. That is, they tried to look at everything in human life from the perspective of whether it is directly related to his existential problems or not, and, ultimately, makes his life more meaningful and valuable. As a result, they gradually explored this issue more deeply in art. It can be said that Heidegger has dealt more deeply than other existentialist philosophers in his philosophical texts with the problem of the relationship between art and life. In Heidegger's thought, the relationship between art and life is closely related to the exploration of the fundamental and important problems of human life. Existence has a complex nature and life has various and unknown dimensions in the heart of this existence. Its fundamental dimensions, such as the truth of existence and death, are aligned with this mysterious nature, and their recognition is difficult and complex. Heidegger believes that human life is existentially tied to problems such as the truth of existence, the sacred, choosing, meaning, death, and God, and that man may, due to the nature of the mind, feels confusion, anxiety, and disappointment. As a human being, human beings have cognitive limitations against fundamental problems such as truth, the existence of God, holiness, etc., and, on the other hand, in order to have an authentic, prosperous, and happy life, they must clarify their relation to these. Therefore, they need a means and a context through which to have a deep understanding of the basic problems and to give them appropriate answers. According to Heidegger, philosophy has always thought about the "the beings" from the time of Plato to the present day, and has been oblivious to "being" and "existential" problems; That is, in giving meaning to life, relying on the human mind and not considering the world as the main and all-encompassing thing, and paying attention to the existence of things instead of focusing on the horizon in which all these beings are possible have make humans away from the concept of being. Therefore, for Heidegger, as long as the origin and principle of the creation of phenomena are lost, it is not possible to find the right direction, find meaning and answer the basic problems of life. In addition, the paucity of the element of mystery and the non-recognition of the mysterious - which reflects the essence and nature of being and the world - in philosophy has made it difficult to find answers to the problems of human existence. Hence, he proposes another solution called "art", or more precisely "great art", whose nature and relation to life, or more precisely the existential problems of life, is the subject of the present paper. Methodology Heidegger does not have an independent treatise or book on the subject, and therefore discovering his view of the relation between art and life requires the use of hermeneutics, philosophical analysis, and discourse analysis. In addition, to deal with the great philosophers in philosophy, we use the works of commentators to understand and get closer to the content. Therefore, in this article, we use the interpretational works of one of the commentators on Heidegger’s philosophy of art, Julian Young, hoping that through this commentary we will be able to enter the mysterious world of Heidegger's philosophy of art and explore the relation of art to life in his thought. Julian Young, a philosopher and professor at Wake Forest University, has done important research on Heidegger's philosophy, including: Heidegger, Philosophy, Nazism, Heidegger's Later Philosophy, Heidegger: Off the Beaten Track, The Death of God and the Meaning of Life, and Heidegger's philosophy of art. The last book provides an accurate and scholarly description of Heidegger's philosophy of art and, unlike many writings on Heidegger's philosophy of art, does not confine itself to the treatise the origin of the work of art and a few other direct works, and explores all of Heidegger's works. He has dealt at length with all his thought. Accordingly, we have made this book a basis for research into the relationship between art and life in Heidegger's thought, although we have tried not to neglect the other related works. But it is clear to the reader familiar with Young's recent book that the answer to the problem of the "relationship between art and life in Heidegger's thought" is not the main subject of this book, and Young has dealt with the whole philosophy of art in the book. Therefore, using the analytical and interpretive approaches mentioned above, we will first try to find out exactly what Heidegger's conception of art is, then we will try to discover the tasks that art owes to life, and finally how art will accomplish these tasks. Findings and Conclusions As we have seen, for Heidegger, among all the solutions to the problems of human existence, art is the best option above philosophy, because it has two elements of mystery and creativity, which are inherent in the problems of human existence. According to Heidegger, Art also covers and pays attention to our existential problems well. For example, in the opening of the world, he recognizes the important points such as awareness of the world as a whole, its pre-existence, and the importance of the continuity of the world for the birth of meaning; Or in the matter of the sacred, he thinks the restriction and confinement of space for the rebirth of the sacred, the concept of its construction and the inhalation of its ethereal space are important. On the other hand, with his analyzes of the works of Cezanne and Klee, he presents a practical model to us and provides objective models for great art. In the next step, we saw how art fulfills its tasks in relation to our existential problems. That is, art deals with the subject of existential problems, with repetition and the use of repetitive novelty, by showing the other aspect of beings, by moving on the border of abstraction and realism, by providing a lively experience, by paying attention to details, by showing basic and fundamental lines of the world, and by taking some distance performs these tasks. In his description, Heidegger is the first philosopher in our time who, on the one hand, places art in such a lofty position and, on the other hand, puts such a heavy burden on art: Art is the way of human salvation in this agony days. But the art is not an art which can be reduced to the aesthetic, but an art which, in its Eastern sense, is an artless art (Starrs 1998; Watts 2011: 230-244) - by meditating and immersing in it, we get out of the control of ordinary subjectivity, open our eyes to the mysteries of life, and discover a more meaningful and valuable world. However, despite the strengths found in Heidegger's thought on the relationship between art and life, his approach also has ambiguities and problems, including the lack of a definition of art in its general sense versus great art, elitism in the art world, which in a way again distances art from the context of ordinary life and leads to a violation of Heidegger's main purpose, and the lack of a clear explanation of basic concepts such as making the other aspect of beings visible, establishing the sacred, and understanding how to live. References Denkerfahrungen 1910-1976 (Frankfurt-on-Main: Klostermann, 1983). Denken und Kunst in Japan und Heidegger – Gedenkschrift der Stadt Messkirch zum hundertstag Geburtstag Martin Heideggers (Sigmarinen: j. Thorbecke, 1989), pp. 211-15. Martin Heidegger: Gesamtausga, ed. F. W. von Hermann (Frankfurt-on-Main: Klostermann, 1977 and onwards). Holderlin and the Essence of Poetry in Existence and Being, ed. W. Brock (London: vision, 1949), pp. 291-315. Ister Holderlin’s Hymn ‘The Ister’, tr. W. McNeill and j. Davis (Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1996). Neitzsche, 4 volumes, tr. D. F. Krell (San Francisco: Harper- Collins, 1979-82). Pathmarks, ed. W. McNeill(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Poetry, Language, Thought, tr. A. Hofstadter (New York: Harper and Row, 1971). The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, tr. W. Lovitt (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1977). Harries, K. (2009). Art Matters: A Critical Commentary on Heidegger’s “The Origin of the Work of Art”. Springer. Starrs, Roy. (1998). An Artless Art: The Zen Aesthetic of Shiga Noya. London and New Yourk: Routledge. Süner, Ahmet. (2017). A critical evaluation of Heidegger’s criticism of aesthetics in: ‘The Origin of the Work of Art,’ Journal of European Studies, 38.2: 11-26. Watts, Michael. (2010). The Philosophy of Heidegger. Cambridge. Young, Julian. (2001). Heidegger's Philosophy of Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Young, Julian. (1395SH). Heidegger's Philosophy of Art. Translated by Amir Maziar. Tehran: Gam-e Now. * assistant professor of IRIB university, mohsenkarami@iribu.ac.ir * MA in Soore university, ativ1366@gmail.com

Comparison of the theory of the discrepancy of the mind with the promise of the ghost and its results

mohammad daneshnahad; mohammadHASAN VAKILI

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 55-76

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.539690.2078

Abstract

The mismatch between the mind and the outside is one of the challenges that many sages do not accept, and most sages may agree that what one perceives is true. Conversely, if the theory ... Read More

Fundamentals Farabi' cosmology

Batool Ahmadi; Qasim Pourhassan

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 115-144

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.530057.1991

Abstract

Farabi's cosmology is one of the dimensions of Farabi's philosophy that reflects his worldview. Farabi was the first Islamic philosopher to formulate a coherent theory of the universe, ... Read More

Rereading the Teaching Ethics in the Ghazali's Mizan-alaml, in the Light of the Ragheb Isfahani's Al-Dari'ah

somayye masoudinia; hasan ahmadizade

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 267-292

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.540076.2082

Abstract

The subject of teaching ethics is one of the fundamental and important issues of ethical knowledge. How the teacher treats students has important implications for well-being and educational ... Read More

The research in internal coherence of God's attributes in Christian theology based on passibility or impassibility.

zeinab sadat mirshamsi

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 335-359

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.538983.2073

Abstract

The conflict between the necessity of existence, the essential self-sufficiency and immutability of God with absolute knowledge and God's attention to his servants, and finally God's ... Read More

A study of the linguistic model of rational theology

somayyeh ajalli; mohsen jahed; sahar kavandi

Volume 12, Issue 28 , August 2022, , Pages 81-100

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.525329.1964

Abstract

Despite the serious attention of Western philosophers to the language of religion, which occurred after the linguistic turn, among the topics of Islamic theology, independent research ... Read More

A Comparative Study of Casual Relation of Mind and body from the Perspective of Mulla Sadra and Foster

Hamid Reza Abdoli Mehrjardi; forough rahimpour

Volume 12, Issue 28 , August 2022, , Pages 201-221

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.529165.1979

Abstract

Explaining how the soul and body relate is one of the issues that arises after accepting the duality of the two. One type of relationship between the soul and the body is the acceptance ... Read More

Peter Singer and the "talent for understanding animal suffering" as a moral criterion for equal attention to the interests of animals and humans

naser jafari poor; ali reza Ale boye

Volume 12, Issue 28 , August 2022, , Pages 227-249

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.531191.2002

Abstract

One of the most important reasons for animal rights advocates and the need to change their inappropriate behavior is the "ability to understand pain" in animals. Peter Singer is one ... Read More

Relationship between epistomology, moral of scepticism and form of life according to Cavell's Wittgenstein

Mozhgan Khalili; Ali Akbar Ahmadi Aframjani

Volume 10, Issue 24 , September 2020, , Pages 71-103

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.113185.1671

Abstract

According to Cavell, on one hand relation between moral values and the reality based on the grammatical criteria of Wittgenstein is not rational; on the other hand, disability of moral ... Read More

Philosophical Meditations

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Keywords = "

Eco-critical Reading of "Influx" and "Correspondences" in Swedenborg `s Spiritual World

Abstract

Evaluation of Crusius's criticisms of Leibniz's theory of possible worlds

Abstract

The Relation of Art to Life in Heidegger’s Thought: Art as a Way of Salvation

Abstract

Comparison of the theory of the discrepancy of the mind with the promise of the ghost and its results

Abstract

Fundamentals Farabi' cosmology

Abstract

Rereading the Teaching Ethics in the Ghazali's Mizan-alaml, in the Light of the Ragheb Isfahani's Al-Dari'ah

Abstract

The research in internal coherence of God's attributes in Christian theology based on passibility or impassibility.

Abstract

A study of the linguistic model of rational theology

Abstract

A Comparative Study of Casual Relation of Mind and body from the Perspective of Mulla Sadra and Foster

Abstract

Peter Singer and the "talent for understanding animal suffering" as a moral criterion for equal attention to the interests of animals and humans

Abstract

Relationship between epistomology, moral of scepticism and form of life according to Cavell's Wittgenstein

Abstract