A Stady of A New Cosmological Argument Based on The Possible Worlds and Weak Version of Principle of Sufficient Reason
Kazem
raghebi
PhD Candidate in Philosophy of Religion at University of Tehran
author
mohammad
mohammadrezaie
Professor at Tehran University
author
text
article
2020
per
One of the most important arguments for the existence of god is the cosmological argument. Traditional developments of cosmological argument, which are based on the casual principle and principle of sufficient reason, have always faced many challenges. Hence, this argument has been constantly evolving throughout its history. "a new cosmological argument" is one of the contemporary versions of this argument, which is formulated to get rid of these challenges. This version attempts to provide a different and logical version of the cosmological argument, and this do by using the theories of possible worlds, modal notions and the theory of weak version of principle of sufficient reason. According to this new version of the cosmological argument, the necessity of God's existence for the universe is proved without the need for the strong version of principle of sufficient reason and without the need to prove the casual principle. Consequently, many of the traditional criticisms will be no objection to this argument. In this article, we will first explain the technical terms of this argument, then describe its formulation, and in the end we will discuss some of the most important critiques of this argument.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
11
42
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38502_4d9ef08db91bae162d2bf5afb6faa0e1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38502
the influence of Prichard on Ross's meta ethical views about obligation and its principles and its relation with moral goodness
Bita
Nakhaei
Allameh Tabataba'i
author
HOSSEIN
Kalbasi Ashtari
Allameh Tabataba'i
author
text
article
2020
per
Abstract One of the concepts discussed in meta ethics which is applied in moral situations and has an important role in moral judgments, is obligation or duty which is normative. William David Ross was a philosopher who talked about this subject in detail and differentiated this concept with that of value. He was highly influenced by Prichard’s thoughts, therefore it is important to scrutinize his moral ideas. This paper tries to examine his intuitionism and meta ethical view in light of Prichard’s thoughts. The method of this research is comparative- analytic, and has used books and on line resources in order to see in what extent he accepted Prichard’s ideas and in what extent we can call his thought new. Finally, this research concludes that although Ross was was highly influenced by Prichard, he could overcome his difficulty and bring up his new idea about primafacie duties and differentiate the concept of obligation with that of good according to his meta ethical views.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
43
72
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38504_369ba7b350827dfb6e226cc6636a78f3.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38504
لایبنیتس و تمایز جوهر خدا و مُناد
Shahin
Aawani
Faculty member of Iranian Institute of philosophy
author
text
article
2020
per
لایب نیتس فیلسوفی عقلگراست که فلسفه اش نظاممند ، منسجم ولی متفاوت با سایر عقلگرایان است . اکثر عقلگرایان ، مخالف دیدگاه ارسطو هستند. در این مقاله اختلاف منظر آنها با ارسطو و دیدگاه مدرسی بر سر موضوع « جوهر » مد نظر قرار گرفته و به این سئوال ها پاسخ داده شده است که چرا لایبنیتس، بر خلاف سایر عقلگرایان، مخالفتی با ارسطو ندارد ؟ چگونه مُنادولوژی لایبنیتس علیه دکارت و تعریف او از جوهر دو گانه نفس و ماده مطرح شده است؟ تفاوت مُناد و جوهر ارسطویی در تفکر لایب نیتس چیست؟ لایب نیتس مُناد ها را « اتمهای حقیقی طبیعت » میداند. مُنادها عناصر اصلی و بنیادی عالم، موجودات مجرد و بسیط ، شبیه خداوند یعنی خالق خویش اند . هر مُناد جوهری کوشاست. در این صورت آیا خدا هم مُناد است ؟ در مقاله چگونگی نسبت میان مُناد و جوهر و خدا تبیین شده است .
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
73
100
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38505_e68d52b64604df2a249c4793f3dbe794.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38505
Kant's transition from the ethical-civil state to Juridical-civil state and create moral/political community
Mahmoud
sufiani
Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
author
Mohsen
Bagherzadeh meshkibaf
phd student
author
text
article
2020
per
In the book of Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant deals with postulating strategic terms such as free will, autonomy, the law of reason, the duty, and the complex relationship between them, which incorporate in kant's thought the base of the doctrine of Kant's ethics, law, and politics. In the meantime, not only moral is itself based on a struggle between will and law, but also moral is in a Double-sided dialectical relationship the foundation of the formation of a free will, autonomy, and realization metaphysics within man as an end. But when these autonomy beings try to create a community and form ethical-civil state with common rules based on moral guarantee In the outside world, they will be captured by another who believes in absolute freedom, In this area, my freedom will not be guaranteed. Therefore, one has to enter another situation in which all his rights are guaranteed by a external warranty, which is nothing but a juridico-civil state. Therefore, mankind, in order to preserve morality (and consequently its autonomy and freedom)from The ethico-civil state, which is merely subject to internal control, enters the juridico-civil state All duties are subject to external Legislation.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
101
132
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38507_b7bac05d2b6960f792bf1e81e282b2c1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.109776.1631
revelation of enlightenment
hadi
fanaei
دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره)قزوین
author
text
article
2020
per
در این جستار، به بسطپذیری معارف وحیانی و گشودگی زمینه ارتباط انسان با منبع وحیانیـالهی برپایه سه ساحت اندیشههای فلسفی و عرفانی اندیشمندان مسلمان، ونیزقرآن و متون روائی پرداخته شده است. حکما و عارفان مسلمان معتقدند ولایت به-منزلۀ روح این جهان و مجرای فیض الهی است و همچنین باطن و جوهرۀ نبوت است. انسان کامل با ارتقای وجودی و سیر باطنی و زدایش حجابهای گونهگون از نفس خویش در مرتبۀ نخست به مقام ولایت الهی میرسد. در چنین مرحلهای ولی خدا به ملاء اعلی متصل و مرتبط میگردد و حاصل این ارتباط و اتصال گشوده شدن باب گنجینۀ معارف وحیانی به روی او است. از طرفی ولیّ خدا مجرای فیض الهی تا لحظۀ وقوع قیامت است. هر کمال و خیری از جمله معرفت و معنویت عرشی و قدسی در پرتو ولایت ولی خدا به انسان میرسد. همانگونه که گسترۀ ولایت در نظام تکوین تا دامنۀ قیامت جریان دارد و حضور ولیّ خدا در جهان همیشگی است، از اینرو معارف وحیانی نیز به تبع حضور ولیّ خدا در عالم، تا آستانۀ واقعۀ قیامت بسط میپذیرد. بسطپذیری معارف وحیانی از پیامدهای استمرار ولایت محسوب میگردد و این بسطپذیری منافاتی با خاتمیت پیامبراعظم(ص) ندارد. بنابراین بسط معارف وحیانی اختصاص به دورۀ انبیا و اوصیا ندارد و جایگاهی است که برای هر انسانی با لحاظ شرایط ویژه از جمله طهارت درون و سعه وجودی گشودگی دارد. بسطناپذیری وحی رسالی و تشریعی با ختم نبوت امری قطعی است.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
133
162
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38508_a8d12c7f12c34e260e40c06231be2f76.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38508
Review of three arguments Sollami, Torsi and Hefz Al nesbe( maintaining the relation) in proving finiteness of dimensions based on Mullah Abdul Razzaq Lahiji's view
seyed Reza
Moazzen
PHD ,Department of Islamic Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, university of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran
author
mohamad mahdi
Meshkati
University Of Esfahan
author
text
article
2020
per
Finiteness of dimensions is the confirmation default of many philosophical approaches. This article based on Abdul Razzaq Lahiji's views addresses this issue. First, it analyzes the exact structure of the problem and shows the exact formulation of the problem to remove structural ambiguity and linguistic and subjective ambiguity, after that identifies this problem. This article suggests that it is better to examine this issue in teachings, although in realization, the philosophers have categorized this issue in natural sciences and theology. As a judge between classifying this issue in natural sciences and theology, Mir Damad's view that is classification in theology is underlined by the article. This article, in reasoning for the scientific recognition of finiteness of dimensions analyzes three arguments of its six_ dimensional arguments that are close to exit based on Lahiji's view. Among these three arguments Lahiji considers only the argument of maintaining the relation empty of any impediment and considers the other two arguments specifically from the claim. This article monitors the scientific evolution in these three arguments and reports it as an innovation in its reasoning.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
163
195
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38501_fd5f36c50fcbfc7ecb6f2108b9f632a0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38501
Explaining and criticizing Shahid Sadr's view of the real world
abbas
asalem
Seminary،Qom، Iran
author
Hosein
Faghih
Persian Gulf University،Bushehr، Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
In Islamic philosophy tradition the discussion of reality in three aspects of priority of existence and fact itself are crystalized.it will be understood by searching in those topics that some thinkers believe that reality world equal and some others recognize them as a part of existence. Shahid Sadr will be categorized in latter group. He by providing this claim that reality world is more developed than existence. Some implications like copulative existence, none existing, and rightness and badness of action and consequential property of quiddity and philosophical secondary intelligible can be seen in this world and by accepting its objectivity of this implication , they do not accept its objectivity of its existence. He base on true issues in which topics from the beginning were assumed tautological predication in both mind and existence as a none existing matter and also by proving the unity of occurrence and container of qualification in philosophical secondary intelligible and by providing secondary intelligible that we cannot assume it in existence world, try to prove vast reality world from existence . reaching to contradiction and replacement of world of mind with reality world is one of possible criticism upon this point of view. Following research tries by delving in his works, clarify essence and finiteness of reality world from point of view Shahid Sadr and also tries to analyze his argument upon this claim.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
197
224
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38509_6b3080706d5d3897a98726bacc45be21.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38509
An ontological approach to the knowledge by presence from the viewpoint of Sadr al-Mutallehin
mohammadjavad
pashaei
assistant professor of shahed university
author
text
article
2020
per
Knowledge by presence is cognition in which, object known, is the truth of the object, and it turns out to be apparent to the knower. Although this knowledge is possible in both the epistemological and ontological fields, but consideration of its ontological dimension leads to a more explicit need for a philosophical scholar. The ontological study of the knowledge by presence, along with the coordinates of "the existence of knowledge by presence "," being hierarchical and the unity of the components of the Knowledge by presence ", are from the author's findings in the analysis of the ontological dimension of this knowledge . It is very important to know that the acquisition of these findings in the transcendentalist wisdom is due only to the overlapping of the rules of knowledge with the provisions of existence. As the hierarchical Features of the knowledge by presence is also the product of this overlap. The unity or identity between components (according to the different types of knowledge by presence from the other results, the ontological explanation of the knowledge by presence is in Sadra's view. It is emphasized that the descriptive analytic study of the knowledge by presence, in consideration of its ontological dimension, has distinguished this article from other studies in this field that are based on the epistemological value of knowledge by presence.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
225
246
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38510_4f5092ec422712b6805de70b294d3996.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38510
A critical discussion of Libet’s Experiments
Bahram
Alizade
Department of Philosophy Kharazmi University
author
text
article
2020
per
Abstract Libet’s experiments, showing that we become aware of our intention to act only after we have unconsciously formed it. Based on these experimental studies, Some claim that we do not possess free will. This paper offers three responses to this claim; First, it is doubtful that actions studied in the Libet’s experiments are ideal exemplars of free will. They are at best ‘degenerate’ examples of free will. Second, Libet uses such terms as ‘urge’ and ‘intention’ interchangeably. An alternative interpretation of Libet’s results says, what the subjects were required to report was not a conscious intention or decision to act, but rather a perceived urge to move. Third, Libet’s results do not constitute a separate challenge to our freedom. It is merely rehearsing the claim that determinism is incompatible with free will. So, Libet’s experiments provide no evidence against compatibilist notion of free will. Keywords: Libet’s experiments, Free will, Readiness potential, Conscious decision, Compatibilism.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
247
275
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38511_19b0e135cf4aacee695a83ee1e0b6e2d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38511
The Semantics Al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī On the Moral Concepts Of hosn and qobh
mohammadreza
bayat
Faculty member
author
mohammadhossein
kolahi
researcher
author
text
article
2020
per
The semantics, e.g. self-evidence and (in)definability, of moral concepts is one of the considered subjects on Ethics. In this article, we shall try to explore al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī's views, as a theologian (mutakallim) considering his moral viewpoints more clearly than his predecessors, on the subject and explain it accordance with the contemporary debates. Unlike Adams, the moral philosopher, although he does not distinguish between moral value and that of obligation, he believes, like Moore, that the moral values are simple and indefinable by ḥaddī definition. It should be noted that unlike Moore claiming that merely “Good” is indefinable, firstly, Ḥillī, I think, believes that both “Good” and “Evil” are like that. Secondly, he asserts a rasmī definition praise and blame desert (istiḥqāq al-madḥ wa al-dhamm). It can be understood from his views that the definability by rasmī definition and self-evidence are compatible. Besides, he takes apart moral values from that of aesthetic. His distinction is similar to that of John Lock separating Primary Qualities from Secondary Qualities.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
277
301
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38512_38fd6e6af6997bea730f7b106d54850c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.108340.1618
ترسیم و بررسی الگوی ناسازگارگرایی وجوب علّی و مسئولیت اخلاقی
Ebrahem
alipour
Head of the research Center for Islamic philosophy
and Theology
author
javad
danesh
عضو هیات علمی پژوهشگاه علوم و فرهنگ اسلامی
author
text
article
2020
per
نسبت میان وجوب علّی و مسئولیت اخلاقی از درازدامنهترین مباحث دهههای اخیر در میان فیلسوفان اخلاق غرب بوده است. مقاله پیشرو میکوشد تا در گام نخست نقشه جامعی از الگوهای مختلف این متفکران را در پاسخ به مسئله اخیر ارائه و سپس تقریرهای ناسازگارگروانه از آن را تبیین و بررسی نماید. آنچنان که خواهیم دید دیدگاه مختار تعین گرایان سخت و راهحل مورد نظر اختیارگرایان به سبب اشکالات و کاستی-هایی چون تنزل عاملهای اخلاقی، تخریب مفهوم مسئولیت اخلاقی و یا میان تهی نمودن مفهوم کنترل در عامل اخلاقی چندان کارامد نب بعد از بررسی می توان اذعان کرد، هنوز هم رهیافت فیلسوفان مسلمان از قوت بیشتری برخوردار است. اندیشمندان مسلمان اگرچه چندان اقبالی به بحث مستقل و مستوفایی از مسئولیت اخلاقی نداشتهاند، اما در کنار طرح مباحث پراکندهای در خصوص منشاء و قلمرو مسئولیت انسان، به موضوع اختیار عامل اخلاقی در کشاکش با دو محظور علم و ارادة پیشین الهی و نیز ضرورت سابق علّی توجه جدّی داشته و اصولاً کوشیدهاند تا تقریری سازگارگرایانه و منسجم در این باب ارائه کنند. ودهاند.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
303
326
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38514_aaff4fa3931f07e294a30e894fa4b39e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.100356.1545
Supervenience and Moral Realism
Behruz
Muhammadi
University of Tehran
author
text
article
2020
per
The main purpose of this article is to defend the position of moral realism, that is to defend this general approach to which moral characteristics and attributes are part of the outside world and at least some of the moral propositions are true. To this end, it is first necessary to criticize moral nonrealism arguments and to respond. One of the arguments of moral nonrealism versus moral realism has been formulated through Supervenience. John Mckie and Simon Blackburn, with the help of Supervenience, have argued in defense of moral realism and rejection of moral realism. In this paper we seek to explain, analyze and criticize this argument. So, first, we explain the nature of Supervenience and its domain to the field of ethics, then analyze Blackburn's argument through Supervenience in a critique of moral realism and finally, will criticize this argument.The result of this research is that moral realism is more acceptable than ethical falsehoods.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
327
354
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38460_b4092935e808705cb46210275e31624b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.97526.1521
The Relationship between Narrative and Ethics with an Emphasis on Paul Ricoeur’s Views
Abolfazl
Tavakoli Shandiz
Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Theology, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
author
hasan
eslami
دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، دانشکده ادیان
author
Ahmad
fazeli
fdjhj
author
text
article
2020
per
This paper tries to reflect on the relationship between ethics and narrative, i.e. "narrative ethics", emphasizing the ideas of a great contemporary French philosopher, Paul Ricoeur. For this purpose, after a review of literature regarding narrative and narratology, and then “ethics and narrative”, investigates the relationship between these two from viewpoint of Ricoeur. To do this, his conception of narrative is discussed. Then by introducing the generalities of his moral theory, Ricoeur’s ideas are compared with some major theories of normative ethics. Finally, it is tried to elaborate the ethical aspects of narrative in his writings. It is concluded that, despite the fact that the concept of "narrative ethics" cannot encompass all aspects of Ricoeur's views on ethics, it is, in some respects, of great importance to his ethical views. These include: narrative as the foundation of self; the means of involving "the other" in our life; as a method of attribution of action; as a means of imagination; a poetic mediator between "is" and "ought"; and, finally, the importance of narrative to deepen the virtue ethics, the cultivation of practical wisdom, as well as learning moral principles.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
355
385
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38515_5e9af745326e51c272282cf4d943ba0b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.100431.1546
Explanation of intentionality in Tabatabai's philosophical theories
Hossein
Esfandiar
philosophy,Tehran University,Qom
author
zahra
najafi
سطح سه فلسفه و کلام اسلامی
author
mahdi
zakeri
دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2020
per
Intentionality is a key concept in philosophy of mind which has been the subject of many discussions of contemporary philosophy. How can Intentionality be possible and how can mental content be determined? It is one of the main issues there which is approached differently based on different philosophical backgrounds. The paper at hand analyzes-and for the first time, Intentionality according to Allame Tabatabii`s philosophical theories. In This content according to philosophical theories of Allame Tabatabii, not only it is possible to talk about “Intentionality”, but also to find some new answers to its possibility and determination of mental content. It will be a causal explanation which can’t be possible without rejecting materialistic view about the nature of knowledge.The casual theories try to naturalize Intentionality according to casual relationships but The theory of knowledge in Allame`s philosophy reject This overview. from the basis of each object in the world, our represntations can be determinate.
Philosophical Meditations
University of Zanjan
2228-5253
9
v.
23
no.
2020
387
409
https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_38517_901246a9389ed4589f4df5cd33633558.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.106917.1600