Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 zeinab abbasi, Department of philosophy,faculty of law,Theologhy and political Sciences and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of philosophy of ethic, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Qom University, Qom, Iran، Javadi_m@qom.ac.ir
3 babak abbasi,Department of philosophy, y,faculty of law,Theologhy and political Sciences and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran,
Abstract
Realizing the motivation of human behavior has been one of the most significant issues of human beings. In this regard, there are two approaches: egoism and altruism; egoism considers the motive of all human benevolent actions to be self-interest. but altruism considers all these kinds of behaviors as merely providing another’s welfare. Daniel Batson and Thomas Nagel are supporters of altruism in different ways.
Batson advocated psychological altruism by an empirical approach and offered altruism-empathy hypothesis, while challenging egoism. Existence of motivation for altruism in human nature was proved. The emotional feeling of empathetic concern creates an altruistic motive for the well-being of others.
Nagel defended the possibility of the rational motivation of altruism with a Interpretive method
arguing unbiased altruism is a requirement of rationality so it is purely moral and it is an undeniable condition of morality and fundamental principle. Batson's altruism is not necessarily moral, and he tends to put together self- interest and other-interest motives.
Descriptive-analytical approach was used to evaluate their views. It has been indicated that their perceptions of altruism and its relationship to morality are distinct, but they can be supporter for each other in rejecting pure egoism and defending pure altruism.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- اخوان، مهدی. (1389). عقلانیت و نوع دوستی در فلسفۀ اخلاق با تأکید بر آراء نیگل و گنسلر. پایان‌نامۀ دورۀ دکتری رشتۀ فلسفه، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
- اخوان، مهدی. (1389). عقلانیت اخلاقی زیستن از نگاه تامس نیگل. فصلنامۀ تأملات فلسفی. 2 (6): 95-121.
http://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_19530_5750a1640b5882ec1d0900d3f10a61bd.pdf
- پالمر، مایکل. (1385). مسائل اخلاقی. ترجمه: رضا آل بویه. قم: پژوهشگاه علوم و فرهنگ اسلامی.
- حسینیسورکی، سید محمد. (1385). بررسی و نقد نظریۀ خودگرایی اخلاقی. پژوهشهای فلسفی - کلامی. 8 (29): 187-222.
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_281_633b18d8450e408b6aa91630c4723643.pdf
- نیگل، تامس. (۱۳۹5). امکان دیگرگزینی. ترجمه: جواد حیدری. تهران: نگاه معاصر، چاپ اول.
- نیگل، تامس. (۱۳۹۲). اینها همه یعنی چه. ترجمه: جواد حیدری. تهران: نگاه معاصر.
- Batson, C. D. (2019). A Scientific Search for Altruism. Oxford University Press.
- Batson, C. D., & Shaw, L. (1991). Evidence for altruism: Toward a pluralism of prosocial motives.Psychological inquiry, 2(2), 107-122.
- Batson, C. Daniel. (2011), Altruism in humans, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
- Batson, C. Daniel, Ahmad, N. (2009), Empathy-induced altruism: A threat to the collective good: University of Kansas.
- Batson, C. Daniel, Lishner, David, A., & Stocks, Eric L. (2015), The Empathy Altruism Hypothesis: Oxford Handbook Online.
- Darwall, Stephan, (1998).’’Empathy sympathy care’’, Philosophical studies, Vol. 89, N2, Published: Springer.
- Lishner, D. A., Batson, C. D., & Huss, E. (2011). Tenderness and sympathy: Distinct empathic emotions elicited by different forms of need. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(5), 614- 625.
- Feinberg, Joel. (1987). “Psychological Egoism” in: Ethical Theory, Classical and Contemporary Readings, ed. Louis P. Pojman, U.S.A Wads Worth Publish Compan.
- Kraut, Richard. (2016). ‘‘Altruism’’ in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Nagel, Thomas. (1979). The possibility of altruism, Princeton University Press.
- Shaver, Robert. (2010). Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy.
- Graham, Keith. (2004). Eight Theories of Ethics, USA And Canada, Routledge.
- Rand, Ayn. (1984). Phlosophy: Who Needs It, NEW York, A Signet Book, Chapter7, p:49.
- Scott, N&Seglow, j. (2007). Altruism: Open University Press, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY. USA.
- Laflette, Hugh. (2007). The Practice of Ethics, USA, Blackwell Publishing.
- Penguin Publishing Group. (1964). p:143.
- Rand, Ayn. (1964). The Ethics Of Emergency, New York,A Signet Book.
- Bennett, Christopher. (2010). What Is Called Ethics? New York, Routiedge.
- Nagel, Thomas. (1970). The Possibility of Altruism, Oxford, University Press.
)