Philosophical Meditations

Flew's turn from atheism to theism in the light of the order argument

Mohammad Hossein Mahdavinejad; Samane Shahroodi; Aflaton Sadeghi; Abdul Reza Safari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 January 2023

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2023.563114.2298

Abstract

After decades of passionately defending atheism, Anthony Flew finally made a turn in his thinking in the last six years of his life and turned to theism. He formulates his main reason ... Read More

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The relationship between lifestyle and the meaning of life in Stoic thought

Abdollah Nasri; hamideh mazaheri seyf

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 January 2023

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2023.563536.2306

Abstract

In this article, the relationship between lifestyle and the meaning of life in Mozad’s stoic school is investigated. An old school that considers the meaning of philosophy as ... Read More

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David Hume's Weak and Non-Dogmatic Atheism A critical View on Downright Atheist, Downright Agnostic, Genuine Theist and Attenuated Deist Interpretations of David Hume

farideh lazemi; zolfagar hemmati argoun

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2023.1971234.2307

Abstract

In the second half of the eighteenth century, with the publication of non-religious philosophy, Hume claims that the existence of the Christian God is impossible, therefore his contemporaries ... Read More

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Theology of love: passing from agape to eros and its theological inevitable results

hossein farhadi; Hasan Ghanbari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2023.1972251.2315

Abstract

The bible testifies to the fusion of faith and love; but love was never the focus of theology and the theologians ignored it. In this paper, the factors of inattention to the concept ... Read More

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Theism and Counter-Intuitive Concepts

Ahmad Ebadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2023.1974056.2324

Abstract

The cognitive science of religion (CSR) seeks to find causal explanations for the origin, dissemination and transmission of theistic beliefs. One of the beliefs related to the field ... Read More

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A refutation of the Power Entailment Principle by Zagzebski: evaluation and criticism

Sarah Baghdadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2023.1988268.2358

Abstract

The power entailment principle, in the problem of divine foreknowledge, and freedom refutes the counterfactual of freedom. By which the principle in question is known as one of the ... Read More

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The Criticism of Friendly Atheism

Farah Ramin; Aleme Allami; Seyyedeh Mona Mousavi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2024.2006894.2424

Abstract

William Rowe presents a new understanding of the evidential problem of evil based on his own epistemic principle, which states that "the truth of a proposition is not a necessary ... Read More

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چیستی، چرایی و پیشینه الهیات علمی در غرب

javad gholipoor

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2024.2009700.2436

Abstract

Scientific theology is the result of about half a century of efforts of contemporary Christian theologians in defending theology against new challenges. The supporter of theologians ... Read More

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Levinas and Talmudic Reading of Sacred Text: a response to the crisis of modern human autonomy

Zahra Miqani; mansour motamedi; Hossein Mesbahian; Mehdi Hasanzadeh

Volume 13, Issue 31 , February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.560760.2272

Abstract

This article aims to present a study about the Jewish notion of revelation and the principles of Talmudic commentaries in the theological and philosophical works of Emmanuel Levinas ... Read More

A critical analysis of “The problem of systemic evil” from the perspective of embodied awareness

hoosein sokhanvar; gholamhossein khedri

Volume 13, Issue 31 , February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.552348.2204

Abstract

“The problem of systemic evil” is a self-made concept belongs to Yujin Nagasawa. He unveiled in his article “The Problem of Evil for Atheists”. The main claim ... Read More

Evaluation of Crusius's criticisms of Leibniz's theory of possible worlds

Behrouz Asadi; mohammad karami

Volume 13, Issue 31 , February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.552418.2205

Abstract

Leibniz's concern in preaching and proposing the theory of the best possible world was to defend the absolute divine attributes against evil suspicion. In his view, given the absolute ... Read More

Religious Answers to the Existential Problem of Evil

abbasali mansouri; asad allah azhir; Seyyed Fazlullah Roshan

Volume 13, Issue 30 , August 2023, , Pages 167-200

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.557887.2245

Abstract

Religious Answers to the Existential Problem of Evil Abstract The problem of evil has different formulations, one of which is called the existential problem of evil; this means that ... Read More Religious Answers to the Existential Problem of Evil Abstract The problem of evil has different formulations, one of which is called the existential problem of evil; this means that when the evils and sufferings of the world actually affect man, man is psychologically unable to continue his former relationship with God and it seems that his emotions are not contended with God. In such a case, man's priority is not to resolve the logical contradiction between the existence of evil and the existence of God but requires an answer that repairs this relationship. The present article argues that religious answers can better resolve the existential problem of evil and repair a person's relationship with God, or at least prevent the complete severance of his relationship with God. The religious answer means an answer that is first of all derived from religious texts; second, it is based on the cosmological, anthropological, and theological presuppositions accepted by religions. The eight religious answers to the existential problem of evil in this article are: calamity for trial, illusion of evil due to ignorance and imperfect knowledge, warning for return and repentance, difficulties in preventing rebellion, retribution for actions in this world, abandonment of this world and engagement in the hereafter, compensation in hereinafter for worldly suffering, and evil for flourishing. Key words The problem of evil, The Existential Problem of Evil, Religion and Evil, Religious Answers to Problem of Evil Introduction The problem of evil is one of the old and difficult problems in theology and philosophy, which is still discussed and disputed. Although the problem of evil is not only the problem of the theists, it is considered one of the most serious arguments against theism today. The problem of evil in our time is usually formulated in three ways: 1- The logical problem of evil 2- The relative problem of evil 3- The existence problem of evil. According to the origin of the answers - the answers to the problem of evil can be divided into three categories: 1- Philosophical answers 2- Psychological answers 3- Religious answers The religious answer is the answer that is explicitly or implicitly stated in the sacred religious texts (in the case of Islam: the Holy Quran and the Sunnah) and is based on accepted cosmological, anthropological, and theological presuppositions of religion. Therefore, calling these answers religious does not mean that these answers are only based on religious texts, but the rational, psychological, and moral reflections of humans may also lead to some of these answers. Therefore, the religiousness of the answers does not mean that they are irrational. The subject of this article is such that it is expected that many articles have been written in this direction. But as far as I have searched in detail, this issue has not been investigated independently and in detail. Of course, there have been references to this discussion in various research that these research records can be classified as follows: In some books or articles that have investigated the issue of divine justice, some of these answers have been briefly mentioned. In some articles that have reviewed the answers to the problem of evil in a general and general way, some religious answers have been mentioned in a very comprehensive way and with minimal mention of evidence. In the articles that have examined the issue of evil from the point of view of Muslim theologians, they have mentioned some of these answers (with minimal mention of narrative or Quranic evidence). But their central topic has been to examine the views of theologians about the rule of mercy and justice. Method To examine religion's response to the existential problem of evil, three forms of the famous problem of evil have been mentioned. Then, by searching and reflecting on verses and traditions, religious answers are categorized into eight answers. In each answer, first the Quranic evidence and then the narrative evidence has been presented. The method of this article is based on library study. In this way, in the first step, the propositions in the religious texts that were related to the issue in question were classified descriptively. In the second step, it has been tried to analyze the persuasiveness of these propositions in response to the existential problem of evil. Findings Religious answers to the problem of evil can be answers to the logical problem of evil and to the relative problem of evil and to the existential problem of evil. Religious answers, compared to philosophical answers, can better answer the existential problem of evil and restore a person's relationship with God or at least prevent the complete disconnection of the relationship with God. Rather than having a philosophical concern and an answer to the logical problem of evil, religious answers have an existentialist approach. For this purpose, they take the first step by accepting the existence of suffering in the world. Quran and hadiths accept the existence of suffering. Besides the direct answers to the problem of evil, religion offers its followers a worldview that works in line with the persuasiveness of religious answers. In this worldview, first of all, many examples of evil are not unavoidable and a person's life can turn out in a different way. In response to a believer's prayer, God may remove the suffering and calamity from him. That is, in his worldview, there is hope to get rid of suffering, and this hope itself makes it possible to endure suffering. Secondly, the foundation of the world is on mercy and forgiveness, and what happens to man from hardships and calamities is much less than what the servant deserved due to his shortcomings and sins. Also, the blessings given to man are much more than what he deserves. Conclusions and discussions Religious answers can better answer the existential problem of evil that is, they can maintain the religious person's trust and hope in God and make it easier to bear the suffering, for such answers raise the issue of evil less as a mental and philosophical issue, but rather have an existential approach. Another reason that makes religious answers more robust in making the sufferings of the world more bearable for us is that these answers are easy to understand and based on objective life experiences. It means that people have communicated with most of these answers in real life. Religious texts, in response to the problem of evil, are not satisfied with one answer, but have offered various answers. In the text of the article, eight answers have been examined in detail. These answers are: 1-suffering for trial; 2- Limitation of human cognitive abilities 3- warning to return and repentance 4- Difficulty is an obstacle for rebellion 5- Punishment for actions in the world 6 Attention to the hereafter 7- Afterlife compensation instead of worldly suffering; 8- Evil for prosperity. References - The Holy Quran - Faiz al-Kashani, Mulla Mohsen Mohammad Ibn Mortaza (1416 AH) al-Tafsir Al-Safi, Qom: Al-Sadr Maktabh .[In Arabic] - Faiz al-Kashani, Mullah Mohsen Mohammad Ibn Mortaza (1406 AH), Al-Wafi, Isfahan: Imam Amir al-Momineen Ali Library. [In Arabic] - Kolaini, Mohammad Ibn Yaqub (1379 SH) Usul Kafi, Tehran: Daftar-e motaliat-e Tarikh va Maarif-e islami. [In Persian] - Majlesi, Mohammad Baqer (1384 SH) Bihar al-Anwar, Tehran: Dar al-Kitab al-Islami. [In Persian] - Mohammadi Ray Shahri, Mohammad (1386 SH) Mizan Al-Hikmah, Qom: Dar al-Hadith. [In Persian] - Sheikh al-Mofid, Muhammad Ibn Ali (1406 AH) Thawab al-'Aamal w Iqab al-'Aamal‌, Qom: Dar al-Sharif al-Razi. [In Arabic] - Sheikh al-Mofid, Muhammad Ibn Muhammad (1413 AH) al-Amali, Qom: Sheikh Mofid Congress. [In Arabic] - Tabatabaii, Mohammad Hossein (1378 SH) Tafsir-e Almizan, Qom:Jamiah Modaresin. [In Persian] - Sobhani, Jaafar (1383 SH) Manshur-e Javid, Qom: Imam Sadiq Publication. [In Persian] - Sheikh al-Tusi, Muhammad Ibn Hasan (1414 AH) Al-Amali, Qom: Dar al-Thaqafah. [In Arabic] - Makarem Shirazi, Nasser (1380 SH) Tafsir-e Nemuneh, Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islami. [In Persian] - Ibn Shu’bah Harani, Hassan Ibn Ali (1404 AH) Tuhaf al-Uqul, Qom: alnashr al-Islami. [In Arabic] - Tamimi Amadi, Abd al-Wahid Ibn Muhammad (1410 AH) Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim, Qom: Dar al-Kitab al-Islami. [In Arabic]

A Critical Investigation into Marilyn McCord Adams’ Theodicy in the Mirror of a Critical Comparison with Practical Theodicy

Jaafar Fallahi

Volume 13, Issue 30 , August 2023, , Pages 445-485

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.553662.2215

Abstract

Abstract: Theodicy of Marilyn McCord Adams, a contemporary analytic philosopher and theologian, argues that sufferers will experience an organic (not additive) unity after death and ... Read More Abstract: Theodicy of Marilyn McCord Adams, a contemporary analytic philosopher and theologian, argues that sufferers will experience an organic (not additive) unity after death and it will compensate their sufferings. She criticizes instrumental theodicy for their stress on moral values and suggests an aesthetic ground in which individual life of the sufferer will change in postmortem life. Adams’ theoretical theodicy in comparison with practical theodicy will show some deficiencies. Altogether it focus on evil rather than suffering. She considers Christ’s cross and sufferings as a sign for sympathy of God with human sufferings, but there are a far distance between meaningful suffering of Jesus and suffering of a child in Auschwitz. Adams’ emphasis on the intimate relationship between God and human in postmortem eternal life leads to consolation and attention to supernatural realm, leading to an apathy to concrete situation of persons and keeping out from objection to oppression and to sympathy and solidarity with sufferers. Keywords: theodicy, Marilyn McCord Adams, evil, practical theodicy, political theology Introduction Marilyn McCord Adams, an American analytical theologian and philosopher, has a critical view to some theodicies. In some of her works, she overviews these theodicies and at last she herself presents a theodicy. In this article at first McCord Adams’ theodicy is presented and then it is examined in the mirror of Johan Baptist Metz’s practical theodicy. Finally, it is shown that although McCord Adams theodicy has some advantages over the other theoretical ones, in comparison to Metz theology, her theodicy reveals some deficiency. There are some criticisms leveled against McCord Adams’ theodicy from Gleeson, Untea, Tallon, Chignell, and Earl. But all of these are from analytical point of view and hence basically different from critical view of practical theodicy that is presented here. Method The method of this article is critical comparison. Findings Marilyn McCord Adams argues that instrumental theodicy, a theodicy that reckons evil as a necessary instrument for realization of greater goods and thus justifies evil, is immoral (McCord Adams 2013, p. 12). Instrumental theodicy can play a cleansing role for ones that allow such evils. Adams believes that we should emphasize God as Platonic Good, including justice, beauty and truth, instead as moral good (McCord Adams, 1999: 139). By considering the human life’s track in this world, she stresses the relation between God and man through beautiful creation and Christ incarnation (McCord Adams, 2006: 187). Something that justifies the goodness of God in spite of evils is other-worldly life. Adams believes that an intimate unity between God and man will form in after-death life and through that the victims of horrendous evil will find their painful experiences a useful litter for connecting themselves to crucified God. So, sufferings will be advantages for them, and their omission would be wished (McCord Adams, 1999: 168). So she designate this an organic unity that is different from additive unity of instrumental theodicies. . Conclusions and Discussions Although Adams’ theodicy has precedence over instrumental theodicies, reviewing it in the mirror of Metz’s practical theodicy shows some deficiencies in it. Adams’ theoretical theodicy desensitizes sufferings of our world by justifying evils and by this it helps bourgeoising Christianity. Adams theodicy speaks on behalf of sufferers and do not refer to their experiences. In her theodicy, in justifying human’s suffering, the sufferings of Christ are pointed out, although there is no resemblance between meaningful and self-conscious suffering of Christ and hanging of a child at Auschwitz. This theodicy is so ambitious that it seems that it has a clear and high vision of God, but such a claim is close to idolatry because God is mysterious and unclear. Metz’s theodicy in coming across evil and suffering instances emphasizes praxis and listening to sufferers’ accounts, and knows the later an important element in fortifying the resistance and protest in opposition to evils. Maybe Adams’ pointing to figures like Gandhi and Tutu as evidence to her claims on goodness of God rather than on finding a way to reduce the suffering in this world. So there are some oversights in practical aspect in Adams theodicy. finally, Metz’s use of Bible stories and prayer language is concerned to praxis but Adams’ pursues justifying evil. References Chignell, A.. (1998). The problem of infant suffering. Religious Studies, 34 (2): 205–217. Earl, D.. (2011). Divine intimacy and the problem of horrendous evil. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 69 (1): 17–28. Fallahi, Jaafar. (1397 SH). Zarfiyyathaaye Elaahiyyat-e Siyaasi-e Johan Baptist Metz Baraaye Elaahiyyaat-e Revaai. Religions and Mysticism. 51 (1): 129-151. Gleeson, Andrew. (2015). On letting go of theodicy: Marilyn McCord Adams on God and Evil. Sophia. 54: 1-12. Katherine Pinnock, Sarah. (2002). Beyond theodicy. University of New York Press. McCord Addams, Marilyn. (1380 SH). Problem of Evil. Translated by: Nahid Hejazi. Name-ye Falsafe, 11(1): 136-148. ---------. (1397 SH). A Review on Some Answers to the Problem of Evil. Translated by: Mohammad Haghani Fazl. in Darbaareye Shar. Na’imeh Purmohammadi (ed.). Qom: TaHa Press. pp. 485-508. ---------. (1991). Sin as uncleanness. Philosophical Perspective. 5: 1-27 ---------. (1999). Horrendous evil and the goodness of God. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ---------. (2006). Christ and horrors: The coherence of Christology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ---------. (2013). Ignorance, instrumentality, compensation and the problem of evil. Sophia 52 (1): 7-26. ---------. (2014). Eucharist drama: Rehearsal for a revolution. in Lugt and Hart (eds.). Theatrical theology: Exploration in performing the faith. Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press. (pp. 203-223). Metz, Johann Baptist. (1969). Theology of the World. Translated by William Glen-Doepel, New York: Herder and Herder. --------. (1980). Faith in History and Society. Translated by David Smith. New York: Seabury Press. --------. (1981). The Emergent Church: The Future of Christianity in a Postbourgeois World. New York: Crossroad. --------. (1998). Theology as Theodicy?. in A Passion for God: The Mystical-Political Dimension of Christianity. edited and translated by J. Matthew Ashley. New York: Paulist Press. Mohaddesi, Hasan. (1388 SH). Elaahiyyat-e Enteghadi: Ruykardi Badil Ammaa Naashenaakhte. Tehran: Yaadaavaraan. Philips, D. Z.. (2005). The problem of evil and the problem of God, Minneapolis: Fortress Press. Tallon, P.. (2012). The poetics of evil: Toward an aesthetic theodicy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Untea, Ionut. (2019). Where human and divine intimacy meet: an insight into the theodicy of Marilyn McCord Adams. Sophia 59(3): 525-547. Yazdi, Hosein; Atrak Hosein. (1397 SH). Mas’aleye Shar va Faa’eliyyat-e Khodaa dar Jahaan. Philosophical Meditations. 8 (21): 169-200.

A critique of materialist neo-Darwinism based on the views of Thomas Nagel

Samad Hoseini; Abbas Yazdani

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 151-181

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.539785.2079

Abstract

According to materialist neo-Darwinists, life and all things related to it are merely the results of the operation of material laws, and no immaterial or transcendental factor has been ... Read More

Religions’ Plurality and the Searching for Divine Justice

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 189-222

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.546049.2147

Abstract

Contemporary world is full of religions that have different teachings and adherents. Meanwhile, there are significant differences and commonalities among divine and non-divine, theistic ... Read More

The research in internal coherence of God's attributes in Christian theology based on passibility or impassibility.

zeinab sadat mirshamsi

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 335-359

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.538983.2073

Abstract

The conflict between the necessity of existence, the essential self-sufficiency and immutability of God with absolute knowledge and God's attention to his servants, and finally God's ... Read More

A study of the linguistic model of rational theology

somayyeh ajalli; mohsen jahed; sahar kavandi

Volume 12, Issue 28 , August 2022, , Pages 81-100

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.525329.1964

Abstract

Despite the serious attention of Western philosophers to the language of religion, which occurred after the linguistic turn, among the topics of Islamic theology, independent research ... Read More

Modified Omniscience: Study of Swinburne's theory of Omniscience

Tayyebeh Shaddel; Mansour Imanpour; Hossein Atrak

Volume 12, Issue 28 , August 2022, , Pages 169-193

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.137853.1890

Abstract

Abstract"Omniscience" is an attributes of classical theism that affects how it is understood in other doctrines of classical theology, such as immutability, God's Free Will, and man's ... Read More

Contemporary Natural Theology and God of the gaps

Roozbeh Zare

Volume 12, Issue 28 , August 2022, , Pages 325-352

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.537989.2065

Abstract

Natural theology has entered a new phase in the contemporary period and empirical evidence or explanatory gaps of the new natural sciences take a significant role in this project. On ... Read More

The Expression of the Divine in Plant Sculpture (according to Hegel’s Lectures on Fine Art and his Phenomenology of Spirit)

Mahboubeh Akbari Naseri; Shamsolmoluk Mostafavi; Shahla Eslami

Volume 11, Issue 27 , February 2022, , Pages 83-104

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.124970.1783

Abstract

In the “phenomenology of the spirit”, there is evidence of absolute Identify as divine order. For Hegel, the divine order has a rational essence; therefore, the infinite ... Read More

Digital Theology and Physical Resurrection By a Critical Study of Frank Tippler’s Views

Mohammad Hosein Moradinasab; Ali shirvani

Volume 11, Issue 27 , February 2022, , Pages 113-134

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.139526.1905

Abstract

: The development of computer science – especially in the field of artificial intelligence – has led to the formation of digital theology. Digital theology saw all the phenomena ... Read More

Evaluating Jürgen Moltmann’s Eschatology in Christian Theology

saman mahdever; mohammadreza bayat

Volume 11, Issue 27 , February 2022, , Pages 283-313

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.527636.1977

Abstract

During the twentieth century, the theological tradition of eschatology was adversely affected by the outcomes of World Wars and social and political catastrophes, according to Protestant ... Read More

The Meaning of Life in Religious Life and Secular Life (Review of Richard Taylor's View)

zolfaghar naseri

Volume 8, Issue 21 , December 2018, , Pages 201-227

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.34356

Abstract

«نگاه دینی» و «نگاه سکولار»، دو نظام معنایی متفاوت برای حیات انسان ترسیم می‎کنند و پایه‎گذار ... Read More «نگاه دینی» و «نگاه سکولار»، دو نظام معنایی متفاوت برای حیات انسان ترسیم می‎کنند و پایه‎گذار دو سپهر کاملاً مختلف در زندگی انسان هستند. زندگی انسان در هر دو بستر دینی و سکولار، ویژگی‎هایی می‎یابد که متناسب با هرکدام می‎توان از معناداری یا بی‎معنایی زندگی انسان سخن گفت. ریجارد تیلور با اتخاذ رویکردی طبیعت‎گرایانه به مسئله معنای زندگی، می‎کوشد با تعریف زندگی بی‎معنا و سپس با طرح مفهوم خلاقیت و بیان ویژگی‎های آن به‎عنوان ملاک معناداری، به مسئله بی‌معنایی زندگی انسان سکولار پاسخ دهد. مسئله مطرح در این مقاله آن است که آیا با فرض وجود خلاقیت در حیات انسان سکولار می‎توان زندگی انسان را معنادار دانست؟ در پاسخ، این ادعا را پیش کشیده‎ایم که به‎رغم ادعای تیلور، زندگی خلاقانۀ انسان در حیات سکولار همچنان بی‎معناست و تنها زندگی توأم با خلاقیّتی که در حیات دینی باشد، معنادار خواهد بود؛ بدین معنا که با توجه به ویژگی‌های حیات دینی تنها انسان خلاق در ساحت دین است که می‎تواند با شکوفاساختن ظرفیت‎های وجودی‌اش به زندگی خود معنا بخشد، ولی چون در حیات سکولار انسان خودآیین و خود‌بنیاد است، ویژگی‎های لازم برای خلاقیت ادعایی تیلور برای معناداری زندگی تحقق نمی‎یابد. از همین رو، فرجام زندگی سکولار همچنان به بی‎معنایی می‎انجامد.

The Relation between Religious Belief and Value of life: A look over the value of life from Allameh Tabatabaee’s perspective in al-Mizan

Masoud Mirzaei Firouzi; Mitra (Zahra) Poursina

Volume 8, Issue 20 , August 2018, , Pages 41-67

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2018.32202

Abstract

This paper discusses the issue of the value of life, which is one of the spiritual crises of modern man. Along with examining the ideas of naturalists about the matter, by reviewing ... Read More

Dialectics of trinity in the secular relation between God and universe

Fatemeh Delavari Parizi

Volume 8, Issue 20 , August 2018, , Pages 171-192

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2018.32201

Abstract

The question of relation between God and Universe Throughout the history of philosophy always have been an important and vital one. Sometimes this relation is a serious, connected one ... Read More

Volume 13 (2023)

Volume 12 (2022)

Volume 11 (2021)

Volume 10 (2020)

Volume 9 (2019)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2010)

Volume 1 (2009)

Main Subjects = Philosophy of Religion

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