Philosophical Meditations - Articles in Press

Substantial protection of the environment and the earth through the concept of dwelling in Heidegger’s thought

khatereh sobhanian; mohammad javad safian

Volume 9, Issue 22 , September 2019, , Pages 65-91

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.36297

Abstract

We interact with our environment depends on our understanding and attitude it. This interaction can be based on relational hegemonic subjective view between human, the environment and ... Read More

The possibility of the role of religious education in global village

Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2009, , Pages 66-82

Abstract

Present century is distinguished from other centuries by its Information-Technology character .It is easy to see with wonder how Information-Technology has reduced the world to a global ... Read More

The Epistemic Justification Of Religious Belief Of William Alston

Volume 4, Issue 12 , April 2014, , Pages 71-92

Abstract

In the twentieth century, the idea of experiencing religious philosophy of religion became increasingly important in the eyes of many philosophers and religious thinkers. The ... Read More

Relationship between epistomology, moral of scepticism and form of life according to Cavell's Wittgenstein

Mozhgan Khalili; Ali Akbar Ahmadi Aframjani

Volume 10, Issue 24 , September 2020, , Pages 71-103

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.113185.1671

Abstract

According to Cavell, on one hand relation between moral values and the reality based on the grammatical criteria of Wittgenstein is not rational; on the other hand, disability of moral ... Read More

لایب‌نیتس و تمایز جوهر خدا و مُناد

Shahin Aawani

Volume 9, Issue 23 , March 2020, , Pages 73-100

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38505

Abstract

لایب ‌نیتس فیلسوفی عقل‌گراست که فلسفه ‌ا‌ش نظام‌مند ، منسجم ولی متفاوت با سایر عقل‌گرایان است . اکثر ... Read More

قلمرو و جایگاه عقل و عقل گرایان درمقالات شمس تبریزی

mahdi mohabbati

Volume 7, Issue 18 , April 2017, , Pages 75-102

Abstract

بررسی نقش وجایگاه تفکرفلسفی ونگاه عقلانی در موضوعات معرفت شناختی تاریخ گذشته ما یکی از مهم ترین مباحث ... Read More بررسی نقش وجایگاه تفکرفلسفی ونگاه عقلانی در موضوعات معرفت شناختی تاریخ گذشته ما یکی از مهم ترین مباحث همیشگی فرهنگ تاریخی ما بوده است که علیرغم مخالفان و موافقان بسیار در باب حیطه کار ومیزان کارایی آن ،هنوز هم به درستی تبیین نگشته و محل چالش بسیار است . اگرچه این مساله از دیرباز مد نظر متفکران مسلمان بوده است ودر باب نقش و جایگاه عقل و تفکر فلسفی نکته های فراوان وبعضا عمیق و قابل تامل گفته اند اما گفته های شمس تبریزی درین باره از نوعی دیگر است که علیرغم اهمیت و تاثیر بسیار هنوز چنان که باید وشاید مورد توجه قرار نگرفته است. شمس از یک سو به فلسفه و تفکر فلسفی به مثابه یکی از مهم ترین نظام های هستی شناختی می پردازد واز دیگر سو نقش و جایگاه فیلسوفان را در تبیین نظام معرفت شناختی ایران پس از اسلام مورد نقد وتحلیل قرار می دهد و با نگاهی تازه و کمیاب به نقد نکته ها و گفته های شاخص ترین چهره های مطرح فلسفه در تاریخ ایران اسلامی می نشیند تا ضمن نگه داشت نگاه خرد بنیان فلسفی وتاکید بر کارایی آن ،کاستی ها ی احتمالی اش را - که زاده محدودیت های عقل نظری است – نیز نشان دهد. هدف این مقاله هم ،طبقه بندی و تحلیل نگره ها و تاملات شمس درباب عقل ،مقوله های عقلانی و چهره های مهم فلسفی در تاریخ ایران پس از اسلام است.

A comparative study of Aristotle’s viewpoint on the status of of “Moral Virtue” in Nicomachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics

houryeh bakouei katrimi; Majid sadremajles; ‌Hasan Fathi; Ali Akbar Abdolabadi

Volume 11, Issue 26 , June 2021, , Pages 75-104

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.112069.1656

Abstract

Aristotle defines happiness as virtuous activity in both Nicomachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics. By his discussing on psychology and considering the virtues of the parts of the soul, ... Read More

The investigation and critique of the system of moral laws in personalist moral theory

Volume 5, Issue 14 , April 2015, , Pages 81-116

Abstract

The aim of this paper is the investigation and critique of moral laws system in Personalist moral theory. Achieving this purpose, "descriptive-critical" and "ampliative criticism" methods ... Read More

A study of the linguistic model of rational theology

somayyeh ajalli; mohsen jahed; sahar kavandi

Volume 12, Issue 28 , August 2022, , Pages 81-100

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.525329.1964

Abstract

Despite the serious attention of Western philosophers to the language of religion, which occurred after the linguistic turn, among the topics of Islamic theology, independent research ... Read More

Ibn Sina's view on the connection between the happiness of perceptions and the state of the human brain

Aysooda hashempour; forough rahimpour; abdolali shokr

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 85-106

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.540331.2088

Abstract

Ibn Sina emphasizes the central role of "perception" in addressing issues related to the happiness of human perception. According to him, human perceptions, including sensory, imaginary ... Read More

A Critique of Wolfson's Method in Reading Philosophical and Theological Texts

reza gandomi nasrabadi

Volume 13, Issue 30 , August 2023, , Pages 93-117

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.554850.2224

Abstract

Abestract Wolfson, a well-known Jewish philosopher, sought to rewrite the history of Western philosophy with a focus on Judaism. In so doing, he used the hypothetical-inferential ... Read More Abestract Wolfson, a well-known Jewish philosopher, sought to rewrite the history of Western philosophy with a focus on Judaism. In so doing, he used the hypothetical-inferential method or the Talmudic method of studying texts. He sought unresolved problems, unknown sources, unknown relationships, and unknown paths of philosophy. The challenge of understanding the origin, structure, and diversity of philosophical systems was fascinating to him. Although there was no connection between Talmudic study and philosophical research, he made the best use of a methodological affinity between them. This method is based on the assumption that there is no real contradiction in the thoughts of a real thinker. Obviously, by finding a case of violation, one can question the above assumption and, consequently, Wolfson's method. Coherent and systematic presentation of a thinker's thoughts and expression of the unspoken and unwritten thoughts of his thoughts, linking irrelevant contents and resolving the apparent contradictions of a thinker's thoughts are the most important functions of this method. His use of terms regardless of their historical evolution, imposing his intellectual framework on the thinker in question, exaggeration and arbitrariness in choosing the text, and Judaizing the history of thought and his support for Jewish thought are the most important criticisms of his method. Key words: Wolfson, Hypothetical-inferential method, Talmudic method, Philo, Spinoza, Crescas. Introduction What attracts attention more than any other honor during Wolfson’s scientific life is the use of hypothetical-inferential method in the study of philosophical and theological texts, or in short, the method of guess and test. Wolfson's method can be delivered to the following question: How should one read philosophical and theological texts? Based on the hypothetical-inferential method in the study of philosophical and theological texts, first a question is raised and speculation is made based on the available data, and in the next step, by studying the texts part by part and carefully, supporting evidence and clues are gathered and Violations are not given much attention. The method proposed by Wolfson, like the Talmudic method, is based on the assumption that a text is written so carefully that every term, interpretation, generalization or exception is important, not only its apparent meaning, but also its implications. One of the functions and goals of the hypothetical-inferential method is to reach the intellectual structure of a thinker and to reveal the invisible processes of their reasoning. The subtitle of Wolfson's book Spinoza's Philosophy is well indicative of the purpose and function of the aforementioned method. Spinoza's philosophy has to do with the process of revealing the process of hidden arguments. In the hypothetical-inferential method, the goal is to find the origin of a theory, and by applying this method, the hidden process of philosophical thinking is revealed. Access to the unsaid and unwritten of a thinker is another function of using the hypothetical-inferential method of studying texts. According to Wolfson, a text is not an express expression of the author in a specific situation and at a specific time and for a specific audience, but rather it is to address unspoken and deep thoughts. He points out that the words spoken by philosophers, in their best and most complete state, remain floating and moving objects on the water, indicating the existence of unspoken thoughts submerged or under water. Method Our method in this article is to show the shortcomings and weaknesses of Wolfson's hypothetical-inferential method. In fact, he claims that there is no real contradiction in the thought of the discussed philosophers, and that their thoughts are consistent and coherent. Any attempt leads to violation of these two claims and questioning Wolfson's method. Findings Some criticisms of Wolfson's proposed method are mentioned. Wolfson's method is always threatened by the danger of applying the aforementioned paradigm and intellectual and mental framework in understanding the thoughts of thinkers. This danger occurs in two ways: It is considered a theory and based on this, it attributes a theory to the author that it was not possible to adopt this theory in his time, or he required materials that did not exist at that time in terms of concepts and meanings. Undoubtedly, the meaning of the terms undergoes changes over time and their current meaning is different from their previous meaning. Wolfson only attributes a theoretical text to the author due to the family similarity of the words, which was not possible to propose at that time. One of the problems of the coherent method proposed by Wolfson is to show an author who has presented many inconsistent and incoherent materials. For example, comparing the treatises of Philo of Alexandria with the coherent and uniform interpretation that Wolfson gave in two volumes of Philo of Alexandria, fundamentals of Religious Philosophy in Judaism, Christianity and Islam have been obtained from him is enough to confirm the above point. One of the flaws of the hypothetical-inferential method, and to put it better, the biggest problem of the said method, is its reliance on this presupposition or the principle of the matter that there is no real contradiction in a true and real thinker, and on what appears to be a contradiction or inconsistency at first glance. It turns out that by analyzing the data, you can find out that they are not real. Conclusion and Discussions Judaizing the history of philosophy or rewriting the history of philosophy centered on Judaism is one of the serious criticisms of Wolfson. He wanted to publish a multi-volume history of philosophy with the general title of Structure and Development of Philosophical Systems from Plato to Spinoza. As noted, the beginning and end point of the seventeen-century period of religious thought was very dear to Wolfson, and he was very unhappy that his conceptual plan did not have a wide impact on the periodization of the history of philosophy. Wolfson's research draws attention to the confiscation of opinions and views of Christian and Muslim thinkers in favor of Jewish philosophy. His main goal was to prove Jewish philosophy and even beyond that to prove the centrality of Jewish thought in various types of religious philosophy. References Gandami Nasrabadi, Reza, (2012), Philo: Founder of Religious Philosophy, Samt Publications and Adian University Publications. ____________________,(1389),Wolfson's philosophical methodology (hypothetical-inferential method), methodology in human sciences, 16th year, number 64-65,pp. Wolfson, Harry Austryn, (1368),Philosophy of Kalam, translated by: Ahmad Aram, Tehran: Al-Hadi. _____________,( 1389 ), Philosophy of the Fathers of the Church, translated by: Ali Shahbazi, Qom: University of Religions and Denominations Publications. ______________ ,( 1387 ),Reflections of the Islamic Kalam in the Jewish Kalam, translated by Ali Shahbazi, Qom: University of Religions and Denominations Publications. Mortazavi, Seyyed Khodiar, (2018), an exploration of the methodology of the history of political ideas (case study: Skinner's critique of the methodology of textual reading), Politics Quarterly, Faculty of Law and Political Science Magazine, Volume 39, Number 1, Spring 2018, pp. 285 -304. Goodenough,Ervin R,)1940(,Introduction to philo judaus,Oxford university press. Hegel,G.W.F,)1995(,Lectures on the History of philosophy,trans by E.s.Haldane,university of Nebraska press. Haberman, Jacob,(2011), Harry A. Wolfson's Utilization of the Hypothetico-Deductive Method of Text Study, Shofar , Vol. 30, No. 1 (Fall 2011), pp. 104-128. Lewy,j.N.D,(2004),selected writings philo of Alexandria,harper. Runia, David (1990), Exegesis and Philosophy: Studies on Philo of Alexandria,Variorum, Aldershot. Twersky,Isidore,(1976),Harry Austryn Wolfson(1887-1974),The American Jewish Year book,vol.76,pp.99-111.Wolfson, Harry Austryn (1934), The Philosophy of Spinoza, Harvard University Press.___________________(1982), Philo: Foundations of Religious Phliisiphy In Judaism,Christianity ,and Islam, 5th ed., Harvard University Press.

Levinas and Talmudic Reading of Sacred Text: a response to the crisis of modern human autonomy

Zahra Miqani; mansour motamedi; Hossein Mesbahian; Mehdi Hasanzadeh

Volume 13, Issue 31 , February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.560760.2272

Abstract

This article aims to present a study about the Jewish notion of revelation and the principles of Talmudic commentaries in the theological and philosophical works of Emmanuel Levinas ... Read More

Kant’s looked different to the "self" in the Anthropology and the First Critique

Volume 2, Issue 5 , April 2010, , Pages 57-70

Abstract

Kant's entirely Copernican approach to philosophy originates from the concept of mind (self) and its specific faculties. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant distinguishes three major faculties ... Read More Kant's entirely Copernican approach to philosophy originates from the concept of mind (self) and its specific faculties. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant distinguishes three major faculties for the mind: Sensation, Understanding, and Apperception, while also emphasizing on the distinction between their transcendental and empirical applications. The transcendental application of these faculties is discussed in the First Critique. He gives the title “transcendental" to his method in analyzing the mind and faculties of Knowledge, trying to separate his work from other psychological approaches; (whether or not he is successful in this, will be addressed later). But the empirical application of these faculties, which will be examined in Anthropology, in part gets close to some of the discussions in the realm of psychology. This issue has made some commentators to claim that Kant had deviated from his Anti-psychological stance in Anthropology, having presented discussions that he was trying to reject in the First Critique. Thus in this article we focus on the third faculty, that is, “self-consciousness” or “Apperception;” we try to answer questions and shed light on vagueness as the follows: Can we regard Kant's approach as a psychological stance, given the fact that he emphasizes on the empirical characteristics of faculty in Anthropology (particularly self-consciousness, developmental stages and progression of this faculty in human beings)? What distinguishes Kant’s approach toward self-consciousness in the Anthropology from his approach in the First Critique and also from other Anthropological approaches? In general, our main goal in this paper is to address differences between Kant's approach to "self" in the First Critique and in the Anthropology, while also showing that despite Kant's effort to separate his discussions from other Psychological discussions – particularly in its discussions of self-consciousness – his approach to the issue, whether in Anthropology or in the First Critique, is in some cases close to psychological discussions.

Realistic conception of Truth versus epistemic Views

Volume 1, Issue 4 , December 2009, , Pages 61-73

Abstract

The concept of truth is one of the main concepts of philosophy which has a central role in several areas such as logic, semantic and metaphysic. The relation of this concept with realism ... Read More

the role of intutions in moral judgment in Haidt s veiw

hossein kharazmi; hasan miandari

Volume 10, Issue 25 , February 2021, , Pages 61-94

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.242282

Abstract

judgement in moral psychology has been considered rational for decades, but recent evidence suggests that moral judgment is more a matter of emotion and affective intuition than reasoning.Haidt ... Read More

Equivalence of Reasons in the Truth of Religions from Ibn Hazm of Andalusia's Point of View

Volume 2, Issue 7.8 , September 2010, , Pages 67-86

Abstract

In Religious Studies, religious diversity is an issue which has been of a particular significance for researchers in the field. This study addresses the questions of the Truth of religions, ... Read More

جایگاه متافیزیک در فلسفه تحلیلیجایگاه متافیزیک در فلسفه تحلیلی

Volume 3, Issue 10 , July 2013, , Pages 71-94

Abstract

The Problem of Awareness, Struggle between Aristotle an Deriver

Volume 3, Issue 11 , December 2013, , Pages 73-95

Abstract

Aristotelian ethics is closely connected to the concept of virtue. In order to obtain virtuous qualities in the Aristotelian tradition, the person needs to act ... Read More

The Criteria of Ethical Act and the Relationship between Religion and Ethics from Motahari's Point of View

Volume 4, Issue 13 , September 2014, , Pages 73-100

Abstract

Motahari's various perspectives on ethics have been widely presented in his works. This article elaborates on his account of two significant ethical problems. The first problem is the ... Read More

Alain Badiou on Existential Relevance of Death

Forogh Alsadat Rahimpoor; Beitoallah Naderloo

Volume 5, Issue 15 , September 2015, , Pages 73-99

Abstract

This essay is an attempt to understand the relationship between existence and death in Alain Badiou's philosophical system. Badiou is a pro-system philosopher and is among the rare ... Read More

A Survey on Heidegger’s Account of the Significance of the Greeks in Hegel’s Philosophy

Hossein Kalbasi Ashtari; Hossein Rostami Jalilian

Volume 6, Issue 17 , September 2016, , Pages 77-102

Abstract

This paper elaborates on Heidegger’s paper entitled ‘Hegel and the Greeks’ on evaluation of the situation of the Greeks in Hegel’s thought. In this discussion, ... Read More

The study of statement and position of ego conception in Husserl thought

Volume 1, Issue 3 , September 2009, , Pages 82-106

Abstract

The transformation process of ego conception in Husserl thought is in effect of his thought changes. In order to understand the situation of Husserl’s transcendental ego in western ... Read More

A Study of Mulla Sadra and Avicenna's Approach to God's Attributes

Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2009, , Pages 83-101

Abstract

God's attributes is one of the crucial issues in theology. This is being discussed in two aspects: the relation of attributes to God's essence, and the relation of different attributes ... Read More

The Production of Consumption

Volume 3, Issue 9 , April 2013, , Pages 83-98

Abstract

The later capitalism, along with increasing the productions, raising the level of general welfare, spreading possibilities and opportunities, and the more democratizing of society, ... Read More

The Expression of the Divine in Plant Sculpture (according to Hegel’s Lectures on Fine Art and his Phenomenology of Spirit)

Mahboubeh Akbari Naseri; Shamsolmoluk Mostafavi; Shahla Eslami

Volume 11, Issue 27 , February 2022, , Pages 83-104

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.124970.1783

Abstract

In the “phenomenology of the spirit”, there is evidence of absolute Identify as divine order. For Hegel, the divine order has a rational essence; therefore, the infinite ... Read More

Volume 13 (2023)

Volume 12 (2022)

Volume 11 (2021)

Volume 10 (2020)

Volume 9 (2019)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2010)

Volume 1 (2009)

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