Philosophical Meditations - Articles in Press

The Meaning of Life in Religious Life and Secular Life (Review of Richard Taylor's View)

zolfaghar naseri

Volume 8, Issue 21 , December 2018, , Pages 201-227

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.34356

Abstract

«نگاه دینی» و «نگاه سکولار»، دو نظام معنایی متفاوت برای حیات انسان ترسیم می‎کنند و پایه‎گذار ... Read More «نگاه دینی» و «نگاه سکولار»، دو نظام معنایی متفاوت برای حیات انسان ترسیم می‎کنند و پایه‎گذار دو سپهر کاملاً مختلف در زندگی انسان هستند. زندگی انسان در هر دو بستر دینی و سکولار، ویژگی‎هایی می‎یابد که متناسب با هرکدام می‎توان از معناداری یا بی‎معنایی زندگی انسان سخن گفت. ریجارد تیلور با اتخاذ رویکردی طبیعت‎گرایانه به مسئله معنای زندگی، می‎کوشد با تعریف زندگی بی‎معنا و سپس با طرح مفهوم خلاقیت و بیان ویژگی‎های آن به‎عنوان ملاک معناداری، به مسئله بی‌معنایی زندگی انسان سکولار پاسخ دهد. مسئله مطرح در این مقاله آن است که آیا با فرض وجود خلاقیت در حیات انسان سکولار می‎توان زندگی انسان را معنادار دانست؟ در پاسخ، این ادعا را پیش کشیده‎ایم که به‎رغم ادعای تیلور، زندگی خلاقانۀ انسان در حیات سکولار همچنان بی‎معناست و تنها زندگی توأم با خلاقیّتی که در حیات دینی باشد، معنادار خواهد بود؛ بدین معنا که با توجه به ویژگی‌های حیات دینی تنها انسان خلاق در ساحت دین است که می‎تواند با شکوفاساختن ظرفیت‎های وجودی‌اش به زندگی خود معنا بخشد، ولی چون در حیات سکولار انسان خودآیین و خود‌بنیاد است، ویژگی‎های لازم برای خلاقیت ادعایی تیلور برای معناداری زندگی تحقق نمی‎یابد. از همین رو، فرجام زندگی سکولار همچنان به بی‎معنایی می‎انجامد.

Justice and Gender in Plato's Utopia: a review of Plato's view on women

Zahra Tofiqhi; Ali Akbar AbdolAbadi

Volume 6, Issue 16 , April 2016, , Pages 207-233

Abstract

Plato’s commentators have had different interpretations of his view on women; because they have faced with the inconsistent, complexed and fragmented pieces in dealing with Plato’s ... Read More

what is comparative philosophy? an analytical study

Ahmad Lohrasbi

Volume 7, Issue 18 , April 2017, , Pages 207-240

Abstract

The notion of Comparative philosophy is studied in this article. In order to organize the comparative studies in philosophy, we have to have a clear picture of what comparative philosophy ... Read More

Reflection on the Contemporary Exponents of Transcendent Wisdom in the Relationship of Nature with Being

rohollah adineh; roghayeh mosavi

Volume 10, Issue 24 , September 2020, , Pages 207-233

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.115709.1701

Abstract

Existence is the basis of Mulla Sadra's philosophy and his particular philosophical views. In the meantime, the question of the authenticity of existence is of great importance and ... Read More

Review and compare the view of Allameh Tabatabai and Dr. Yadollah Sahabi on the issue of human creation

zakaria baharnezhad; khadijeh farrokhpanah

Volume 9, Issue 22 , September 2019, , Pages 213-244

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.36302

Abstract

مسئله خلقت وآفرینش نظام هستی به نحو عام وخلقت انسان به طریق خاص در ادیان وبه ویژه در ادیان ابراهیمی از ... Read More مسئله خلقت وآفرینش نظام هستی به نحو عام وخلقت انسان به طریق خاص در ادیان وبه ویژه در ادیان ابراهیمی از جایگاه رفیع وبلندی بر خوردار است،زیراکه اعتقاد به آن به معنا ومفهوم قبول توحید در خالقیت پروردگار ونفی وانکار ازلی بودن عالم است.هنگامی که داروین نظریه«تکامل تدریجی» را مطرح کرد،برای برخی از متکلمان وشریعتمداران این تصور پدید آمد که قبول واعتقاد به این نظریه با ظواهر کتب مقدس در تعارض است،چه به باور آنها کتب مقدس مدافع «خلقت دفعی»است.بتدریج این نزاع به یکی از مسائل تعارض علم ودین افزوده شد،نخست متکلمان مسیحی،سپس متکلمن سایر ادیان با آن مخالفت نمودند.این مشاجره به غلط نمادی برای تقابل علم ودین گردید.اختلاف نظرعلامه طباطبائی ودکتر سحابی را نیز می توان در همین راستا تلقی کرد.در این مقاله ضمن بررسی دیدگاه این دو متفکر -که یکی از موضع کلامی ودیگری از جایگاه علم تجربی به مسئله خلقت انسان پرداخته است- با روش تحلیلی در مقام مقایسه وداوری برآمده ووجوه اشتراک وافتراق دیگاه آنها را بیان کرده ایم؛نوآوری این مقاله و مزیت آن بر نوشته های دیگر در این زمینه نیز همین است.نویسندگان بر این باورند که اختلاف درکیفیت خلقت انسان که به نحو تدریجی ویا دفعی است،تأثیری منفی دراعتقاد مؤمنان به خدا ندارد،زیرا آنچه برای یک خدا باور اهمیت دارد،این است که باور داشته باشد ،خداخالق او و خالق جهان است وتدریجی ویا دفعی بودن خلقت مربوط به کیفیت خلقت است ونه اصل خلقت.

Critical study of the theological incorrectness of the production of genetically modified foods

alireza alebouyeh; maryam razavi

Volume 11, Issue 27 , February 2022, , Pages 213-239

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.130392.1832

Abstract

The world's population is growing exponentially, and people are facing significant problems such as hunger and extreme malnutrition. According to some people, the production of genetically ... Read More

Review of the Relationship between Normative and Applied Ethics: Covid-19 Insights

Mahmoud Mokhtari

Volume 11, Issue 26 , June 2021, , Pages 223-250

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.523447.1945

Abstract

Any theory in normative ethics offers an exclusive criteria for moral action. At the same time, the prevailing view is that applying any normative theory can solve practical ethical ... Read More

Ontological Functions of Analytical Causality in Islamic Philosophy

mostafa mousavi azam

Volume 8, Issue 20 , August 2018, , Pages 225-248

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2018.32206

Abstract

Muslims philosophers in some of matters whic isn’t plural accept the causal relation. This causality was named rationl analysis by Mulla Sadra. The causality of substance for ... Read More

An ontological approach to the knowledge by presence from the viewpoint of Sadr al-Mutallehin

mohammadjavad pashaei

Volume 9, Issue 23 , March 2020, , Pages 225-246

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38510

Abstract

Knowledge by presence is cognition in which, object known, is the truth of the object, and it turns out to be apparent to the knower. Although this knowledge is possible in both the ... Read More

Peter Singer and the "talent for understanding animal suffering" as a moral criterion for equal attention to the interests of animals and humans

naser jafari poor; ali reza Ale boye

Volume 12, Issue 28 , August 2022, , Pages 227-249

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.531191.2002

Abstract

One of the most important reasons for animal rights advocates and the need to change their inappropriate behavior is the "ability to understand pain" in animals. Peter Singer is one ... Read More

Rereading the Teaching Ethics in the Ghazali's Mizan-alaml, in the Light of the Ragheb Isfahani's Al-Dari'ah

somayye masoudinia; hasan ahmadizade

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 267-292

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.540076.2082

Abstract

The subject of teaching ethics is one of the fundamental and important issues of ethical knowledge. How the teacher treats students has important implications for well-being and educational ... Read More

Moral Responsibility in Disinformation: A Study in Moral Philosophy

Mahdi Shaghaghi

Volume 13, Issue 30 , August 2023, , Pages 279-328

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.545866.2145

Abstract

Short abstract: In this study I have tried to contribute in some meta-ethical reflections on moral responsibility involving disinformation. Conceptual analysis and reflective equilibrium ... Read More Short abstract: In this study I have tried to contribute in some meta-ethical reflections on moral responsibility involving disinformation. Conceptual analysis and reflective equilibrium were two methods that have been used for achieving the goals of this article. In first step, I used some citations from philosophers and some examples to show dilemmatic view of moral problems is logically fallacious. Findings of the second step showed that ideal morality fails to explain actions in pressure conditions and implications of care ethics and doing best practices are the defendable way of action in such conditions, provided that the provisions of “helping to eliminate poverty and address the gap between poor and wealthy” are satisfied. In final step, by reviewing arguments of some philosophers, I introduced will and wish as a building blocks of the akrasia and weakness of will phenomenon. Then, 8 rules were predicted for determining moral responsibility in akratic and weakness of will conditions. Keywords: Disinformation, Moral Failure, Moral Responsibility, Akrasia, Moral Conflict. Introduction: Disinformation is a purposeful misguiding of people (Fallis 2009, 2014) by representing false or even true predicates. Mediatic, diplomatic, and performatic governmental institutions continually disinform people by misleading news or reports. Factitious organizational reports are prevalent in the administrative and managerial level. Some of these institutions assert on dilemmatic nature of situations or pressure condition and security issues or weakness of will to justify disinformation. In this case, three distinct questions arise: 1) is the moral dilemma and disinformation we must assign moral responsibility in this context logically possible? 2) does the disinformation result from a pressure condition and we should assign moral responsibility in this context? 3) does the disinformation result from akrasia or weakness of will and we should assign moral responsibility by considering this context? several philosophers have considered the moral dilemmas from distinct points of view. As a Platonic issue (known as platonic conflict), we can see that a couple of other philosophers such as Sartre have studies moral dilemmas (Sartre dilemma). But recent scholars such as Donagan (1984), McConnell (1978, 2018), Bagnoli (2013), Bennett & Chamberlin (2013), Marcus (1980), and Vessel (2020) have studied moral dilemmas from the possibility, dichotomic distinctions, moral residue, deontic logic, and other points of view. In the domain of moral responsibility in pressure condition, we have several scholars such as Frye (1983), Rawls (1999), Mills (2004), Sen (2006), and Tessman (2015), who have studied this issue from the Pluralism of reasonable, Rectificatory justice, idealization, and best practices points of view. And several other scholars such as Fischer and Ravizza (1998), Arpaly and Schroeder (1999), Davidson (2001), Holton (2012) and others have considered Akrasia and weakness of will from the deep self, whole self, irresistible desire, reasons responsiveness, and a couple of other points of view. By critical analysis of these literature, I tried to consider moral responsibility in the context of each of them. Methodology: In this article, I have used two related methods for text analysis and studying reasonability of arguments: conceptual analysis and reflective equilibrium. Using conceptual analysis, I have tried to find main themes of arguments to make comparisons with other reasonings. Standpoints of several important scholars and philosophers were considered to make comparisons and find new themes. And then, I tried to use reflective equilibrium by considering our moral intuitions as a reasonable and conventional human being. In this sense, intuitions were considered from the common sense point of view. I tried to use counterexamples and counter arguments to find a way for assigning moral responsibility. Findings: Initially, I tried to show that dilemmatic view of moral problems is logically fallacious and we cannot reject moral responsibility by referring to dilemmatic nature of the situation. Findings of the second step showed that ideal morality fails to explain actions in pressure conditions and implications of care ethics and doing best practical practices is the defendable way of action in such conditions, if the provision of “helping to elimination of poverty or deliberative marginalization, and bridging the gap between poor and wealthy” were satisfied. Third, by reviewing arguments of some philosophers, I introduced will and wish as a building blocks of the akrasia and weakness of will phenomenon. Then, 8 categories were predicted for determining moral responsibility in akratic and weakness of will conditions: A) a person has moral will and this is inconsistent with her/his judge value. In this case there is not moral responsibility in the irresistible desire conditions but there is moral responsibility in external force conditions. B) a person has moral will this is consistent with her/his judge value. In this case, there is moral responsibility in any conditions. C) a person has immoral will and this is inconsistent with her/his judge value. In this case, there is moral responsibility if the desire is resistible. Also, there is moral responsibility in the condition of external force if this condition is a result of her retrospective negligence and this negligence is not a reasonable result of an oppressive situation. Furthermore, there is moral responsibility in the case of irresistible will, if the will is a result of her/his retrospective negligence and this negligence is not a reasonable result of an oppressive or external compulsion. D) a person has immoral will and this is consistent with her/his judge value. In this case there is moral responsibility in any conditions. E) a person has immoral judge value and this is consistent with her/his will. In this case, there is moral responsibility if the judge value is not a reasonable result of oppressive force or isolated in-group nurture. F) a person has immoral judge value and this is inconsistent with her/his will. In this case, there is moral responsibility in any time when the moral will goes to adhere immoral judge value that is not a reasonable result of oppressive force or isolated in-group nurture. G) a person has moral judge value and this is consistent with her/his will. In this case there is moral responsibility in any condition. H) a person has moral judge value and this is inconsistent with her/his will. In this case there is moral responsibility in resistible desire condition. Also, there is moral responsibility if the will shaped in the external force condition is not reasonable result of her/his retrospective negligence and the mentioned negligence is not a reasonable result of oppressive context. Conclusions and discussions: As a concluding remark, it is worth to mention that disinformation is a deliberate misguide of others and is more consistent with rules that denotes immoral judge value (case of E and F). In these cases, disinforming consists of moral responsibility unless judge value of a person be a reasonable result of oppressive force or isolated in-group nurture. Also, for clarifying “irresistible will”, Fischer and Ravizza’s idea of “Moderate reasons responsiveness” is a reasonable conceptual measure. References Arpaly, N. & Schroeder, T. (1999). Blame and the Whole Self. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 93 (2), 161-188. C. (2006). Breaking Ties: The Significance of Choice in Symmetrical Moral Dilemmas. Dialectica, 60 (2), 157-170. Bennett, L. & Chamberlin, S. M. E. (2013). Resisting Moral Residue. Pastoral psychology, 62 (2), 151-162. Collins, P. H. (2000) Gender, Black Feminism, and Black Political Economy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568 (1), 41-53. Coates, D. J. & Swenson, P. (2013). Reasons-responsiveness and degrees of responsibility. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 165 (2), 629-645. Davidson, D. (2001). How is weakness of the will possible. In: Essays on actions and events, Second edition, pages 25-42. USA, New York: Oxford University Press. DePaul, M. (2006). Intuitions in moral inquiry. In: The Oxford handbook of ethical theory. Edited by David Copp. New York: Oxford University Press, 595-623. Fallis, D. (2009). A Conceptual Analysis of Disinformation. iConference Proceedings, retrieved April 20, 2020, from: http://hdl.handle. net/2142/15205. Fallis, D. (2014). A Functional Analysis of Disinformation. In iConference 2014 Proceedings (p. 621 - 627). doi:10.9776/14278. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from: https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/47258. Frye, M. (1983). The Politics of Reality. Trumansburg, New York: Crossing Press. Holton, R. (1999). Intention and weakness of will. The Journal of Philosophy, 96 (5), 241-262. Retrieved October 8, 2020, from: http://web.mit.edu/holton/www/pubs/Weakness.pdf Kittay, E. F. (2001). When Caring Is Just and Justice Is Caring: Justice and Mental Retardation. Public Culture, 13 (3), 557-579. Marcus, R. B. (1980). Moral Dilemmas and Consistency. The Journal of Philosophy, 77, 121–136. May, J. & Holton, R. (2012). What in the World is weakness of will? Philosophical Studies, 157 (3), 341-360. McConnell, Terrance C. Moral Dilemmas and Consistency in Ethics. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, VIII (2), 269-287. McConnell, T. (2018). Moral Dilemmas. In: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/moral-dilemmas/>. Mele, A. (1991). Akratic Action and the Practical Role of Better Judgment. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 72 (1), 33–47. Mele, A. (2012). Backsliding: Understanding Weakness of Will. New York: Oxford University Press. Mills, C. (2004). Ideal Theory as Ideology. In: Moral Psychology, edited by Peggy DesAutels and Margaret Urban Walker, 163–181. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield. Mills, C. (2009). Schwartzman vs. Okin: Some Comments on Challenging Liberalism. Hypatia, 24 (4), 164–177. Pateman, C. & Mills, C. (2013). Contract and Domination. Third print. Cambridge: Polity Press; Wiley. Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. First edition, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Rawls, J. (1993). Political Liberalism. First publication. New York: Columbia University Press. Rawls, J. (1999). The Law of Peoples; With “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Sen, A. (2006). What Do We Want from a Theory of Justice? The Journal of Philosophy, 103 (5), 215-238. Stroud, S. and Svirsky, L. (2019). Weakness of Will. In: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Retrieved October 8, 2020, from: <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/weakness-will/>. Talbert, M. (2019). Moral Responsibility. In: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved October 20, 2020, from: <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/moral-responsibility/>. Tessman, L. (2015). Moral Failure: On the Impossible Demands of Morality. New York: Oxford University Press. Tessman, L. (2005). Burdened Virtues: Virtue Ethics for Liberatory Struggles. New York: Oxford University Press. Vessel, J. P. (2020). Moore’s Open Question Maneuvering: A Qualified Defense. The Journal of Ethics, 24 (1), 91-117. Walker, M. U. (2003). Moral Contexts. Lanham, Mariland: Rowman and Littlefield.

Systematic Review of Caring Thinking and Its Correlations in Ethical Philosophy

Tahere Shefaee; یحیی قائدی

Volume 13, Issue 31 , February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.544694.2133

Abstract

The purpose of this study was a systematic review of the application of caring thinking and its correlations in ethical philosophy. The research method is literature review and library ... Read More

Imam Sadigh(A) and Theosophy

Volume 1, Issue 2 , July 2009, , Pages 73-91

Abstract

The main objective of this essay is to pay attention to the important influence of Shia Leaders' teachings on the creation and development of rational sciences, such as Theosophy and ... Read More

The aspect of ethical thought in the Spatial Structure of Traditional Houses in Iran Study case: guest hospitality

Volume 2, Issue 7.8 , September 2010, , Pages 185-203

Abstract

According to the Qur'anic verses and Islamic tradition, guest hospitality means revering, respecting and glorifying the person who enters the house of someone ... Read More

Plato against Poets: Public and Privet in Ethical View of Plato and ancient Greek tragedians

Maryam Nasr Esfahani

Volume 10, Issue 25 , February 2021, , Pages 209-232

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.111312.1648

Abstract

Ancient Greek plays, especially tragedies, and Plato's dialogues are two main sources of investigating the ethical perspective of the ancient Greeks about morality and moral choices. ... Read More

The Concept of Methodological Naturalism as a Superparadigm for Modern Science

Seyyed Mostafa Mirbabapoor

Volume 7, Issue 19 , September 2017, , Pages 213-242

Abstract

Methodological naturalism is The most important feature of modern science is based on understanding and explaining the natural world is justified only by natural causes or use of any ... Read More

An Elaboration on the Effects of Existential Gradation on Knowledge in Transcendental Philosophy

Mohammad Hossein Vafaeian

Volume 6, Issue 17 , September 2016, , Pages 219-240

Abstract

Components of the ontological system presented in transcendental philosophy are based on the notion of ‘fundamentality of existence and its gradations’. The type of the ... Read More

Review and Criticism of Singer' view on morality of abortion

fatemeh jamshidi; alireza alebouyeh; fatemeh tizghadam

Volume 8, Issue 21 , December 2018, , Pages 229-254

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.34357

Abstract

Peter Singer is the prominent moral philosophers and many of his works have been published, especially in applied ethics and animal rights. He is highly regarded and reviewed. He struggled ... Read More

Conceptual metaphor and its role in ethics

masoud sadeghi

Volume 10, Issue 24 , September 2020, , Pages 235-255

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.110434.1637

Abstract

The main concern in this article is the study of the role of conceptual metaphors in the field of ethics. After defining and conceptual metaphor, with emphasis on the views of Lakoff, ... Read More

Functions of critical thinking in ethics in R. M. Hare's opinion

Mehdi Zamani

Volume 7, Issue 18 , April 2017, , Pages 241-268

Abstract

R. M. Hare the contemporary moral philosopher believes that to meet the moral questions we need to distinguish two levels :they are the level of intuitive thinking and critical thinking. ... Read More

The possibility of avoiding naturalistic fallacy in ethics from the viewpoint of Michael Ruse

maryam AsgarpourAli; Hossein Sheykhrezaee

Volume 9, Issue 22 , September 2019, , Pages 245-272

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.36303

Abstract

The naturalistic approaches to ethics try to find some solution to problems of moral philosophy with an emphasis on finding of empirical science. One of the most famous naturalistic ... Read More

A critical discussion of Libet’s Experiments

Bahram Alizade

Volume 9, Issue 23 , March 2020, , Pages 247-275

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38511

Abstract

Abstract Libet’s experiments, showing that we become aware of our intention to act only after we have unconsciously formed it. Based on these experimental studies, Some claim ... Read More

Individuality of pain and despair in the midst of a prevalent disaster; An Anti-Climacusian Approach

Amin Ghaemi; Meisam Sefidkhosh

Volume 11, Issue 27 , February 2022, , Pages 247-276

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.525705.1989

Abstract

As Kierkegaard has explained, humankind’s pain is recognized with its individuality. But, what happens for the pain during a prevalent disaster, and what changes does it go through? ... Read More

Continuity of material causes and the problem of infinity of time in Mulla Sadra

Majid Ziaei G.

Volume 8, Issue 20 , August 2018, , Pages 249-268

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2018.32203

Abstract

Sadra believes that all types of causes are finite. one type of this causes is the material cause. If we believe that the material causes of one thing is finite, then we must accept ... Read More

Volume 13 (2023)

Volume 12 (2022)

Volume 11 (2021)

Volume 10 (2020)

Volume 9 (2019)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2010)

Volume 1 (2009)

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