Philosophical Meditations - Articles in Press

the influence of Prichard on Ross's meta ethical views about obligation and its principles and its relation with moral goodness

Bita Nakhaei; HOSSEIN Kalbasi Ashtari

Volume 9, Issue 23 , March 2020, , Pages 43-72

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.38504

Abstract

Abstract One of the concepts discussed in meta ethics which is applied in moral situations and has an important role in moral judgments, is obligation or duty which is normative. William ... Read More

پدر- مادری: مساله مجوزدهی نقد و بررسی طرح هیو لافولیت

mohsen jahed; maryam khoshdel; ali akbar abdolabadi

Volume 10, Issue 24 , September 2020, , Pages 43-70

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.112750.1665

Abstract

هیو لافولیت با پیشنهاد طرحی زیر عنوان« مجوزدهی برای پدر-مادری»، استدلال کرده است که از آن جا که ... Read More

The Moral Value of Truth

Alireza Mansouri

Volume 8, Issue 21 , December 2018, , Pages 45-60

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.34350

Abstract

The aim of science is a controversial debate among realists and their opponents. Realists take the aim of science as giving a true explanation of the world. There are some answers to ... Read More

Richard Rorty on Truth as aim of inquiry

Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2009, , Pages 47-65

Abstract

This paper is concerned with analysis of neopragmatist attitude of Richard Rorty about objective truth. According to Rorty, the aim of inquiry is not discovering of "objective truth ... Read More

Explaining altruism from the perspective of Nigel's rational approach and Betson's empirical approach

zeinab abbasi; mohsen javadi; babak abbasi

Volume 12, Issue 28 , August 2022, , Pages 47-74

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.530964.1999

Abstract

Realizing the motivation of human behavior has been one of the most significant issues of human beings. In this regard, there are two approaches: egoism and altruism; egoism considers ... Read More

Comparison of the theory of the discrepancy of the mind with the promise of the ghost and its results

mohammad daneshnahad; mohammadHASAN VAKILI

Volume 12, Issue 29 , February 2023, , Pages 55-76

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.539690.2078

Abstract

The mismatch between the mind and the outside is one of the challenges that many sages do not accept, and most sages may agree that what one perceives is true. Conversely, if the theory ... Read More

Time as the Central Signifier in Dariush Shaygan’s Thought

fateme Pasalari Behjani; rostam shamohammadi; ghodrat allah khayatian

Volume 13, Issue 30 , August 2023, , Pages 57-86

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2022.550583.2193

Abstract

Abstract: The present paper, drawing on a descriptive-analytical research method, tries to examine the position of time in Dariush Shaygan's intellectual system, especially its appearance ... Read More Abstract: The present paper, drawing on a descriptive-analytical research method, tries to examine the position of time in Dariush Shaygan's intellectual system, especially its appearance and emergence in the realm of traditional and modern culture, poetry, painting, architecture and novel. The results show that he considers time to be the central signifier or core of culture which in traditional Oriental cultures is mythical time and in modern Western culture is linear time. With a deep attachment which has to with the mythical time and its manifestations, he tries to find it by digging into various thoughts. According to Shaygan, although with the advent of modernity in Western culture, the mythical time was abolished and replaced by linear time, at the end of the twentieth century, following the electronic revolution, linear time gave its place to the global present time which has great affinity with mythical time. Of course, their ontological differences should not be disregarded. Eventually, this effort of Shaygan leads him to the novel, and he finds the time of the early myths in Marcel Proust's novel In Search of Lost Time. Keywords: Dariush Shaygan, Culture, Time, Mythical Time, Mythical Time Disappearance, Electronic Revolution Introduction Dariush Shaygan (1935-2018), a contemporary Iranian philosopher and spiritualist, seems to be mainly concerned with culture, which rooted in the confrontation between tradition and modernity. On the one hand, because of his oriental identity and belonging to the traditional cultures of the Orient, he seeks to gain a deeper understanding of these cultures. On the other hand, by paying attention to the intellectual-epistemological products of the modern Western world, he tries to clarify the unknown dimensions of culture. The main question is whether it is possible to find a central core in his culturology that is the key to understanding of his ideas? The present article argues that this key is the category of time. Methodology This study employs descriptive-analytical method through analyzing and examining Shaygan's different works to show how Shaygan uses category of time to understand the traditional and modern culture. Findings In his first period of thought, Shaygan focused on the phenomenological study of the traditional cultures of the Orient and realized that their world view was rooted in a common spiritual experience. In this spiritual experience, the origin experience - an experience based on a kind of inner feeling to achieve "absolute timelessness" and "eternity" - precedes everything. Shaygan interprets this "timelessness" as a "mythical time." Concept of "trust" in Islamic mysticism, the "repository of consciousness" in the Mahayana Buddhist school, the "golden testicle" in Hindu mythology, and the "mnemosyne" in Greek mythology are examples of "mythical time". However, in Shaygan’s view, the man lived only in their initial stage in the "mythical time", when they were immersed in their eternal sleep. But with the awakening of consciousness and the consolidating concept of "I" as a very crucial rift occurred in the concept of time, and time took various forms without losing its mysterious power (Shaygan, 1371(a)sh). Shaygan sometimes uses the phrass of "time as presence" to refer to "mythical time" and thereby shows its manifestation in the worldview of five great Iranian poets (Ferdowsi, Khayyam, Mulavi, Saadi, and Hafez) and Iranian arts. According to the emotional content of the poet, the presence times of these five poets are different but all of them are like a melody that has been played in various positions (Shaygan, 1376sh). According to Shaygan, with the advent of modernity in the sixteenth century in the West, the "mythical time" disappeared and a "linear time" dominated the Western worldview. "Linear time", unlike "mythical time", can be divided into past, present and future; also it moves in a straight forward and irreversible line. More importantly, it is a time free of myths and devoid of content. The demythologization of time has caused a deep rift between nature and man on the one hand and man and God on the other hand. Yet, with the advancement of technology and the advent of the electronic revolution in the twentieth century, a kind of global present time emerged that had obvious similarities to "mythical time". Global present time has three qualities, "omnipresence, momentum, and immediacy", which were attributed to the divine essence; and also this time is the basis for the emergence of intangible and imperceptible things that mystics speak of them. It should be noted, however, that "the present time" arising from the electronic revolution and the "mythical time" do not fall into the same ontological status. In other words, the former is at the level of the sensory world, but the latter is in the vertical order of existence and in the realm of “esoteric observation "(Shaygan, 1380sh). Shaygan, in the last period of his life and his last work, The Magic Lantern of Time, analyzes time in Marcel Proust’s In Search of lost Time. The central issue of this novel is time, but not time in the calendar and everyday sense; rather, the time depicted in this novel is more like a "mythical time" which the past is always present or in other words "the synchronicity of successive moments" (Shaygan, 1396sh). Conclusions From Shaygan's viewpoint, the central core of culture is time. Time in traditional cultures has manifested in the form of "mythical time". But with the advent of modernity in the West in the 16th century, the "mythical time" disappeared and a "linear time" dominated. However, in the 20th century, two other times emerged which have very similar to " the mythical time". One is the "global present time" that took shape after the electronic revolution, and the other is "the present time" that appeared in the novel. Of course, it should be kept in mind that their ontological status is not the same. References The Qurān Ahmadi Bābak, (1386 SH) Heidegger va Purseshe Buniādēn, Tehran: Markaz. Ebrahimi Dinani, Gholam Hossein (1393 SH) MUʿmmāye Zamān va Hudūth Jahān, Tehran: Hekmat va Phalsaphe. Eliade, Mircea (1382 SH) Myth, Dream, Mystery, Translated by: Roya Monajjem, Tehran: Elm. Dabbagh, Soroush (1397 SH) Ābye Daryāye Bikarān: ṭarhvāreē az erfān Mudern, Toronto: Bonyad Sohrevardi. Dhāker, Manochehr (1392 SH) Barresye Khāṭere, Vafādāri va Nawʿshenāsye Akhlāghi bā Estefāde az Kārkardhāe yūngi, Taammulate Phalsaphi, 3(9):30-47. Shaygan, Dariush (1378 SH) Asiā dar barābar Gharb, Tehran: Amirkabir. ___________ (1395 SH) Panj Eghlēme Huzūr (Ferdowsi, Khayyām, Mulavi, Saʿdi, and Hāfez), Tehran: Farhang Moaser. ___________ (1371 SH) Henry Corbin: The Horizons of Spiritual Thought in Iranian Islam, translated by: Bagher Parhām, Tehran: Agah. ___________ (1395 SH) Dar Justejūye Phazāhāye Ghumshude: A Collection of Articles Related to Visual Arts, Tehran: Farhang Moaser. ___________ (1371 SH) Buthāye ḏhehni va khātereye Azali, Tehran: Amirkabir. ___________ (1380 SH) New Enchantment: Forty-Piece Identity and Mobile Thinking, translated by: Fatemeh Valiani, Tehran: Farzan Rooz. ___________ (1376 SH) Under the Skies of the World: Dariush Shaygan's Conversation with Ramin Jahanbegloo, translated by: Nazi Azima, Tehran: Farzan Rooz. ___________ (1396 SH) Fānūs jādūie zamān: Negāhi be Zamān az Dast Rafte, Asar Marcel Proust, Tehran: Farhang Moaser. Tull, Eckhart (1399 SH) The power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual enlightenment, Translated by: Masiha Barzegar, Tehran: Zehn Avis.

Richard Rorty's neopragmatist analysis of "self-creation" in the philosophy of education

Neda Mohajel; Muhammad Asghari

Volume 13, Issue 31 , February 2024

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2023.1986173.2342

Abstract

In this article, we try to show that in the present century, one of the theorists in the field of philosophy of education and training, Richard Rorty, the American neopragmatist philosopher, ... Read More

The importance of mediating Kantian ethics between abstract right and ethical life And the Necessity of Transitioning Ethics to Ethical Life in the Foundations of Hegel's Philosophy of Law

mahmoud soufiani; muhammad asghari; Mohsen Bagherzadeh meshkibaf

Volume 10, Issue 25 , February 2021, , Pages 31-59

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2020.117393.1718

Abstract

As Hegel has stated in the foreword to the foundations of the philosophy of right; the central argument in this work is to eliminate the arbitrary of the will, which is the folk meaning ... Read More

Theosophical Training in the works of the Muslim Philosopher "Sheikh Eshragh"

Volume 2, Issue 5 , April 2010, , Pages 37-56

Abstract

Gnostic motivations have been growing among the youth – which has paved the way for an increase of irrational tendencies and perspectives; In this regard, this article aims to ... Read More

The Evolution of the Soul in the Light of Moral Teachings with an Emphasis on Mulla Sadra's Perspectives

Volume 3, Issue 11 , December 2013, , Pages 41-72

Abstract

The theory of the influence of "practical philosophy and ethics" in the evolution of the soul, not only announces its supreme importance in going "beyond intellectual abstraction" in ... Read More

Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin's propositional knowledge theory

seyed majeid Hoseini; mohamad ali abbasian; Seyyed ali Alamolhoda; naser mohamadi

Volume 8, Issue 20 , August 2018, , Pages 41-67

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2018.32199

Abstract

The nature of Propositional knowledge is of important issues in contemporary epistemology. The common theory of epistemologists, knows propositional knowledge as "justified true belief", ... Read More

The Ontological and Epistemological Pluralism in Jaspers’ Philosophy

Volume 1, Issue 4 , December 2009, , Pages 43-59

Abstract

Karl Jaspers, as a German existentialist philosopher, tries to fill the gap between ancient epistemology and ontological philosophies by recognizing the realms of being. Their mistake ... Read More

The Necessity of Awareness towards the Adjective "Justice" When it comes to its Definition

Volume 2, Issue 7.8 , September 2010, , Pages 45-66

Abstract

“Justice” is a fine adjective to which various nouns may be attributed. These nouns can be divided into three universal categories: individual person, social situation, ... Read More

The Role of Love in Ethical Life from the Perspective of Transcendent Theosophy

Volume 3, Issue 9 , April 2013, , Pages 49-81

Abstract

The basis of ethical life, for Mulla Sadra, is love, and real love is love of God – which is a manifestation of the divine love for human beings. If someone truly loves God, s/he ... Read More

Phaedo: The Pure Knowledge and its Impossibility in the World

majid sadr majles

Volume 5, Issue 15 , September 2015, , Pages 51-72

Abstract

In addition to the immortality of the Soul (psyche) as a principal issue, there are other issues in the Phaedo. One of them is claiming that the pure knowledge is attainable only after ... Read More

Ethics of Education from Nietzsche's Pont of View

Volume 4, Issue 13 , September 2014, , Pages 53-72

Abstract

Nietzsche's encounter with modern ethics and education is rather hostile. From his point of view, the ethics of education has been long involved in a disease raised from its history ... Read More

The Relationship between Philosophy and Religion in Christology in Boethius’s Thought Relying on Theological Treatises and the Consolation of Philosophy

Maryam Salem; Seyedeh Fatemeh Noorani Khatibani; Mitra poursina

Volume 11, Issue 27 , February 2022, , Pages 53-75

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2021.137711.1887

Abstract

The present study uses an analytical-descriptive method to explain the relationship between philosophy and religion in Boethius’ Christology. For this purpose, three things are ... Read More The present study uses an analytical-descriptive method to explain the relationship between philosophy and religion in Boethius’ Christology. For this purpose, three things are done in The Theological Treatises as a representative of Boethius’ theological views: 1. Determining and explaining the theological problem that Boethius sought to answer in Christology. 2. Explaining components such as rational explanation of “Trinity” with the help of the category of relation, precise definition of “person” and “nature” in the issue of “Trinity”, emphasizing on the distinction between nature and the person and showing weakness of the views of Euthychius and Nestorius. 3. Boethius’ final answer to this theological question. In The Consolation of Philosophy as the representative of Boethius’ philosophy, we seek to examine two issues; 1. Does this treatise, as some have claimed, lack any Christian symbolism or teaching? 2. Does Boethius explicitly question Christian teachings in this treatise, or does he not merely explicitly refer to Christianity? The study of these cases led to the conclusion that in The Theological Treatises, Boethius seeks a rational explanation that the Trinity is not a triune deity but a monotheism. He considers the common denominator in the three divine persons, that is, the category of substance, as the cause of the unity of the Trinity and the distinction between the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit as the category of relation, which, of course, does not change the substance. He, who saw in The Theological Treatises the Christian faith with a rational explanation in agreement with reason, saw no need for a direct reference to Christian teachings in The Consolation of Philosophy; he seeks the salvation of reason, and this has no conflict with his Christian faith. He first understands faith through The Theological Treatises, and then comes to the salvation of faith through The Consolation of Philosophy. Thus the Consolation of Philosophy can be considered the complement of his The Theological Treatises and Christian faith.

اندیشه‌های وجودی ملاصدرا در تقارب با عرفاء

Volume 3, Issue 10 , July 2013, , Pages 55-70

Abstract

Metaphysical Bases of the political Thought of Farabi

Volume 1, Issue 3 , September 2009, , Pages 59-80

Abstract

Farabi is one of the most prominent representatives of political philosophy and the most distinguished political figure of Islamic era. Political philosophy researchers consider ... Read More

A Catalogue of the Existing Manuscripts in Ethics in Shahid Motahhari Supreme School's Library

Volume 2, Issue 6 , July 2010, , Pages 59-93

Abstract

The existing manuscripts in Iran's libraries are regarded as an indispensible cultural heritage. This old heritage has been preserved across the ages, thanks to devotion and endless ... Read More

A Comparison of the Theory of Nature of Intellect with Avicenna’s Idea of Hanging Man

Mahnaz Amirkhani; Zohreh Tavaziany; Maliheh Poorsaleh Amiri

Volume 6, Issue 16 , April 2016, , Pages 59-83

Abstract

Applying the presence science and intuition are of high importance in Ibn Sina’s thought. The theory of Hanging Man is a remarkable example of applying intuition. Corresponding ... Read More

Good Samaritan and Permissibility of abortion

Zeinab Dehghani. Nistani; alireza alebouyeh

Volume 7, Issue 19 , September 2017, , Pages 59-88

Abstract

Judith Jarvis Thomson's "Defense of Abortion" is one of the most influential papers about Permissibility of abortion, So that after its publication in 1971 it has reprinted and criticized ... Read More

Self-awareness as God-awareness in Mulla Sadra's Philosophy

Mohammad Kazem Elmi Sola; Tooba La'l Sahebi

Volume 6, Issue 17 , September 2016, , Pages 61-76

Abstract

Objectivity is among the most profound problems contemplated by philosophers. Both Mulla Sadra and Kant, as Islamic and Western philosophers, have profoundly addressed this problem. ... Read More

Consciousness of non-existent from the perspective of Islamic Philosophy and Husserl's Philosophy

Muhammad Taqi Shakeri

Volume 8, Issue 21 , December 2018, , Pages 61-90

https://doi.org/10.30470/phm.2019.34351

Abstract

The present paper discusses how apply human knowledge and consciousness about non-existent affairs? How is it possible to believe an non-existent object? This epistemological problem ... Read More

Volume 13 (2023)

Volume 12 (2022)

Volume 11 (2021)

Volume 10 (2020)

Volume 9 (2019)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2010)

Volume 1 (2009)

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