آیا شانس و هدایت‌شدگی جمع‌پذیر هستند؟

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
محمدابراهیم مقصودی 1
سید حسن حسینی 2
1 مرکز علم و الهیات، پژوهشکده مطالعات بنیادین علم و فناوری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2 گروه فلسفه ی علم، دانشگاه شریف، تهران، ایران
10.30470/phm.2024.2008891.2432
چکیده
آیا ممکن است که خداوند جهانی را آفریده و هدایت کرده باشد که مملو از شانس است؟ این پرسشی است که، علی‌رغم اهمیت زیاد، تاکنون کم‌تر به آن پرداخته شده است. سازگاری‌گرایی موضعی است که نظریۀ تکامل و خداباوری مداخله‌گرا را جمع‌پذیر می‌داند. سازگاری‌گرایان هدایت‌شده‌بودن اجزاء یا ویژگی‌های زیست‌کره را با شانسی‌بودن فرایند تکاملی جمع‌پذیر می‌دانند. هدف این نوشتار مشخص کردن چالش‌های پیش‌روی سازگاری‌گرایان و ترسیم دقیق فضای مهم‌ترین پرسش‌هایی است که سازگاری‌گرایان برای دفاع از موضع خود باید به آن‌ها پاسخ دهند. بحث می‌کنیم که پرسش اولیه به سه زیرپرسش اصلی تجزیه‌پذیر است: 1. آیا معنای شانس و هدایت‌شدگی جمع‌پذیرند؟ 2. چگونه ممکن است که رویدادهای شانسی که کور و بی‌جهت هستند زیست‌کره‌ای هدف‌مند و هدایت‌شده را شکل دهند؟ و 3. چگونه ممکن است که رویدادهای شانسی، که امکانی هستند و ممکن بود رخ‌ندهند، سازندۀ زیست‌کره‌ای ازپیش‌طراحی‌شده باشند؟ هر پرسش را به دقت شرح داده‌ایم، برخی از مهم‌ترین تلاش‌های انجام‌شده برای پاسخ به آن‌ها را آورده‌ایم و بحث کرده‌ایم که این تلاش‌ها ناکافی بوده‌اند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
نظریۀ تکامل
داروینیسم
خداباوری
سازگاری‌گرایی
شانس
هدایت‌شدگی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Is Chancy compatible with Being Divinely Guided?

نویسندگان English

Mohammad Ebrahim Maghsoudi 1
Seyed Hassan Hosseini 2
1 Center for Science and Theology, Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Philosophy of Science, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Here, we aim to identify the challenges facing compatibilists, who believe that the existence of the chance involved in processes producing the biosphere, which is one of the main pillars of the evolutionary theory, is compatible with guidedness of the life, which is an essential part of theism. Is it possible that God created and guided a world that is full of chance? We put this question under consideration, which is a question that, despite its importance, has received little attention so far, and aim to provide a precise formulation of it. We discuss that to do so we need to consider three main sub-questions:


• Are the meanings of chance and guidedness compatible?


• How can chance events that are blind and directionless shape a purposeful and guided biosphere?


• How can chance events, which are possibilities and could have not occurred, be substantial parts of a designed biosphere?


We explain each sub-question in detail and review some of the most important responses offered. We argue that none of those attempts can successfully resolve the tension between chance and guidedness.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Evolutionary theory
Darwinism
Theism
Compatibilism
Chance
Guidedness
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