نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 فلسفه اخلاق، معارف، دانشگاه قم

2 استادیار وابسته موسسه آموزش عالی علوم‌شناختی، تهران

چکیده

نظریۀ هیومی انگیزش، حالات شناختی نظیر باور را فاقد قوت انگیزشی می‌داند و تأکید می‌کند برای اینکه فاعل برای انجام فعلی برانگیخته شود، لازم است نه تنها یک میل پیشین مثلاً به Φ داشته باشد بلکه این باور را هم داشته باشد که با انجام عمل Ψ، میل پیشین به Φ برآورده خواهد شد. این نظریه، تقریرهای مختلفی ممکن است داشته باشد، اما در این مقاله ما تقریری از برنارد ویلیامز را مد نظر قرار می‌دهیم که برآورده کردن یا ارضای میل پیشین، تنها مبنای انگیزشی برای انتخاب عمل قرار می‌گیرد. هدف مقالۀ حاضر این است که نشان دهد این تقریر از نظریۀ هیومی، هرچند نظریۀ استانداردی برای تبیین اعمال قصدی به­ شمار می‌رود، برای تمایز گذاشتن میان انگیزش‌های درست و نادرست، با دشواری‌های قابل‌توجهی مواجه است. برای رسیدن به این مقصود، پس از ارائۀ مقدماتی ناظر به دیدگاه هیومیِ ویلیامز، به ترتیب از تمایز میان انگیزش لنفسه و لغیره، تمایز میان انگیزش خودگرایانه و دگرگرایانه، داوری افراد بر اساس انگیزش‌ها و آزمایشی فکری سخن به میان خواهد آمد. به نظر می‌رسد یک نظریۀ انگیزشی خوب در مقام نظریه‌ای فرااخلاقی، طبق فهم و شهود عموم آدمیان باید بتواند این نوع از تمایزها را در خود جای دهد، در حالی که مدلِ ویلیامزیِ نظریۀ هیومی انگیزش، فاقد این ویژگی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Right and Wrong Kinds of Motivations: An Argument against the Humean Theory of Motivation

نویسندگان [English]

  • Muhammad Heydarpour 1
  • Husayn Dabbagh 2

1

2 Institute for Cognitive Science Studies

چکیده [English]

The Humean theory of motivation maintains that cognitive states like beliefs lack motivating force. If an agent were to be motivated to perform an action, s/he would necessarily have a preceding desire Φ and a means-end belief that by Ψ-ing she would be able to satisfy Φ. Although different accounts of this theory have been provided so far, in this paper we will examine the account according to which satisfying the preceding desire is the only basis for motivating someone to choose actions. This paper attempts to show that although the Humean theory of motivation as described above is considered a standard view in explaining intentional actions, it may encounter considerable difficulties to make plausible distinctions between the right and wrong kinds of motivations. In order to demonstrate that, we will first explain Bernard Williams’ Humean view and then discuss that ordinary people not only draw distinctions between de re and de dicto motivations, and between self-regarding and other-regarding motivations, but also think that moral agents normally have reasons to be motivated according to the right kind of these motivations in the relevant circumstances. Finally, we shall design a thought experiment to illustrate the point more strikingly. It seems that a plausible theory of motivation in meta-ethics should accommodate these intuitive and common-sensical sorts of distinctions, while the Humean theory of motivation lacks this feature.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • de re and de dicto motivations
  • self-regarding and other-regarding motivations
  • sincere acts
  • reasons for the right kind of motivations
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